A Practical Method for Accurate Measurement of Trace Level Fluorine in Mg‐ and Fe‐Bearing Minerals and Glasses Using Electron Probe Microanalysis

Fluorine plays an important role in magmatic and hydrothermal processes, but due to its low abundance in geological samples determining F is difficult by electron probe microanalysis. By using a W‐Si multi‐layered pseudocrystal as the diffraction crystal instead of thallium acid phthalate (TAP), count rates were considerably higher, which however introduced spectral interferences between FKα and FeLα and MgKβ lines when normal integral mode is applied. In this study, we developed a protocol using a W‐Si multi‐layered pseudocrystal for measuring accurately trace level F in both minerals and glasses. First, we used differential mode with an optimised PHA (pulse height analysis) setting in signal processing, instead of normal integral mode, which completely eliminated the second‐order MgKβ line. Second, the overlap of the first‐order FeLα on FKα peak, which cannot be filtered by modifying the PHA setting, was calibrated quantitatively using F‐free minerals and silicate glasses. Applying this two‐step method, F was determined in a number of reference glasses, as well as in glasses synthesised from powders of the rock reference materials AC‐E, GS‐N and DR‐N. Our data are consistent within error with F concentrations determined by other methods, demonstrating the reliability of this method.     

多种地图符号系统布尔代数结构的简要证明

布尔代数是计算机进行逻辑运算的基础,它为自动化制图提供了理论基础和数学工具。本文根据论域的幂集P(X)为布尔代数且其偏序关系为包含关系的数学原理,通过改变论域而分别对地图图像系统、地图符号系统和地图数据库系统等多种地图符号系统的布尔代数结构,分别作出了有别于应用布尔代数定义和定理的简要证明。文章给出了以点的特征变换构建地图符号、地图注记和实现面状域色彩变换的实例,阐释了地图图像系统中的布尔运算;还给出了通过基础图层上地图符号的增删,构建不同图层和不同图层叠合构建不同类型地图的实例,说明以点集形式为基本元素的地图符号系统和地图数据库系统也适于布尔运算。     

基于X3D的虚拟三维场景漫游系统设计与实现

X3D是新一代的互联网3D图形规范,为构建基于Web的虚拟三维场景及其人机交互提供了一种新的途径。提出了基于X3D的虚拟三维场景的建模方案,采用了地理信息系统的图层化方法将虚拟三维场景数据划分为独立地物、植被、交通、建筑物和数字地形等数据层,介绍了各数据层的三维建模及实现方法,并以一个典型的城市小区为例阐述了虚拟三维场景的优化与整合技术。     

Three‐dimensional texture of natural pseudotachylyte: Pseudotachylyte formation mechanism in hydrous accretionary complex

Melt‐origin pseudotachylyte is the most reliable seismogenic fault rock. It is commonly believed that pseudotachylyte generation is rare in the plate subduction zone where interstitial fluids are abundant and can trigger dynamic fault‐weakening mechanisms such as thermal pressurization. Some recent studies, however, have discovered pseudotachylyte‐bearing faults in exhumed ancient accretionary complexes, indicating that frictional melting also occurrs during earthquakes in subduction zones. To clarify the pseudotachylyte generation mechanism and the variation of slip behavior in the plate subduction zone, a pseudotachylyte found in the exhumed fossil accretionary complex (the Shimanto Belt, Nobeoka, Japan) was re‐focused and microscopic and three‐dimensional observations of the pseudotachylyte‐bearing fault were performed based on optical, electron, and X‐ray microscope images. Based on the patterns contained in the fragment, the pseudotachylyte is divided into four domains, although no clear domain boundaries or layering structures are not found. Three‐dimensional observation also suggests that the pseudotachylyte were fragmented or isolated by cataclasite or carbonate breccia. The pseudotachylyte was rather injected into the surrounding carbonate breccia, which is composed of angular fragments of the host rock and a matrix of tiny crystalline carbonate. The pseudotachylyte volume was extracted from the X‐ray microscope image and the heat abundance consumed by the pseudotachylyte generation was estimated at 2.18 MJ/m², which can be supplied during a slip of approximately 0.5 m. These observations and calculations, together with the results of the previous investigations, suggest hydrofracturing and rapid carbonate precipitation that preceded or accompanied the frictional melting. Dynamic hydrofracturing during a slip can be caused by rapid fluid pressurization, and can induce abrupt decrease in fluid pressure while drastically enhancing the shear strength of the shear zone. Consequently, frictional heating would be reactivated and generate the pseudotachylyte. These deformation processes can explain pseudotachylyte generation in hydrous faults with the impermeable wall rock.     

Characterizing solute transport in undisturbed soil cores using electrical and X‐ray tomographic methods

Solute transport in undisturbed soil is a complex process and detailed information on the transport characteristics is needed to provide fundamental understanding of the processes involved. X‐ray computer tomography (CT) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) have been used to gain information on the transport characteristics. Both methods are non‐intrusive and do not disturb the soil, in contrast to other methods. CT provides high resolution information on bulk density and macropores, while ERT provides a three‐dimensional image of the internal resistivity structure. By adding a suitable solute under steady‐state flow, the internal resistivity changes can be interpreted as a change in resident concentrations. In our experiment two cores from different field sites were investigated. The ERT measurements revealed two transport modes (one fast and one slow) in one of the cores and only one mode in the other. This was consistent with the results of transfer function modelling on the independently measured breakthrough curves (BTCs). The fast transport mode is perhaps a result of many connected macropores, detected by CT, but this could not be verified with the ERT measurements because of the coarser resolution. However, with ERT in both cases we were able to explain the observed BTC qualitatively. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

五莲县七宝山多金属矿矿化特征及地球物理地球化学特征

五莲县七宝山多金属矿位于五莲-胶南成矿带,是山东省重点勘查区和有色金属调查评价区,开展了大量工作,系统总结其多金属矿矿化特征,分析其地球物理、地球化学特征,将为开展外围找矿工作提供参考。通过总结五莲七宝山地区的重力异常特征、航磁异常特征、岩(矿)石物性特征以及地球化学特征,以及对杏山峪和红石岗矿段高精度磁测及激电中梯资料的分析对比,提出七宝山地区低阻、低磁异常带,高低阻过渡带、正负磁异常接触带附近,是找矿的重要地球物理特征标志。地球化学资料显示该区为Cu、Au、Ag等元素构成的近圆形高背景区与七宝山火山机构中心的次火山杂岩体分布范围基本一致,其他异常与已发现的多金属矿床在位置上完全吻合,说明化探异常具有效性。     

珊瑚的影像密度恢复南海海表温度

将南海西沙永兴岛 ( 1 6°50′N,1 1 2°2 0′E)西北的造礁珊瑚的岩芯 ,制成 X射线负片。用显微光密度计在 X射线负片上获得沿生长轴方向的影像密度值 ,时间序列为 1 937～ 1 993年。根据影像密度数据 ,计算出珊瑚的各年生长率和钙化率的代用指标。珊瑚生长率和钙化率的代用指标都与 SST呈显著正相关。根据 1 960～ 1 993年的资料统计 ,相关系数分别是 0 .91和 0 .85,从而建立了珊瑚生长率温度计和钙化率代用指标温度计。并用这两个温度计测算到 1 937年 ,揭示出南海的 SST变化既受到全球气候环境变化为主的影响 ,也受到半封闭海域格局的影响     

含Mg矿物和玻璃中Mg的局部结构研究

本文用同步辐射的MgK-边X射线近边结构谱(XANES)研究了9种含Mg矿物的MgK-边特征谱,其谱的能量位置随着配位数的增加而增大;建立了含Mg矿物中Mgk-边的能量与Mg-O键距的关系CaMgSi2O6(Di)-NaAlSi3O8(Ab)玻璃中MgK-边XANES的能量和Mg-O的键长的关系.在Di-Ab玻璃中的Mg-O键距是0.2±0.004nm.表明本方法可以作为研究含Mg矿物Mg的配位与局部结构新的结构探针.     

叠前地震资料噪声衰减的小波域方法研究

讨论了叠前地震记录中随机噪声的模拟方法,采用定性分析与Monte Carlo仿真相结合的方法,研究了在物理小波为基本小波的变换域该类随机噪声局部小波功率谱的统计特性,得出：其局部小波功率谱服从χ22分布.在此基础上,利用假设检验给出了在给定置信度下确定有效信号在小波变换域内能量分布空间的方法,通过在有效信号能量分布空间重建信号来压制噪声.给出了模型及实际地震资料算例,证明了本文提出的方法的有效性.     

邢台地区新近沉积粉质粘土的土性分析

以邢台地区新近沉积粉质粘土为例,对其土性进行分析,介绍了其在SEM下观察及X－射线衍射分析结果;并对该土的地基评价与处理方法进行了探讨。