贵州瓮安磷矿上震旦统陡山沱组地层和沉积环境

瓮安磷矿当时位于川黔滇台地东南边缘,是我国晚震旦世陡山沱期主要的磷矿之一。该区陡山沱组含磷地层中发现大量低等蓝藻和真菌、红藻、大型球状绿藻、疑源类及可能的后生动物化石,引起国内外地质学家和古生物学家的关注,尤其是最近报道从该地层中发现具细胞结构的海绵和动物胚胎化石,震动了各国古生物学界。瓮安磷矿的陡山沱组不整合于南沱组或板溪群之上,为灯影组浅灰白色白云岩层整合覆盖,以中部的古喀斯特侵蚀面为界而分为下、上两个岩性段,构成下段的白云岩—磷块岩—白云岩序列和上段的磷块岩—白云质生屑磷块岩—磷质白云岩序列。化石产于陡山沱组上段。     

Types and spatial combinations of Danxia landform of Fangyan in Zhejiang Province

The prominent types of Danxia landform in Fangyan include enclosed valleys, mesas, peaks, stone columns and grooves etc. Their spatial combinations have regular configurations along the northwest–southeast direction: typical grooves and caves are located in the northwestern Wufengshuyuan mainly; abundant fresh collapsed stones may be observed in central Jimingfeng and Taohuafeng; stone drums and stone columns are in the southeastern Shiguliao particularly; enclosed valleys are encircling joints of peaks and plains from three directions east, west, and south. Their spatial combinations reflect that the developments of Danxia landform have undergone stages of geomorphic cyclical erosion in the form of weathering, collapse, transportation, sedimentation and other processes, together with the “sculpture” of external forces mainly as tectonic uplift. The picturesque Danxia landform began its formation at that point. Danxia landform developed mainly in the strata of Fangyan Formation (K1f) caused by the alluvial fan-braided river phase of anterior fan in the late period of the Early Cretaceous. Regular patterns of weathering of stones and features of braided alluvial phase sediments may be verified by the analysis of three groups of experimental data. Danxia landform of Fangyan is a unique representative of the “adolescent” development type in the application of the World Natural Heritages status in China, by virtue of its outstanding universal aesthetic and scientific value.     

碎屑岩与火山岩混积岩系层序地层学研究初探——以准噶尔盆地西北缘佳木河组为例

准噶尔盆地西北缘前陆冲断带是剖析西准噶尔地区盆山耦合关系、沉积体系发育的关键地段。该区二叠系佳木河组为火山岩、火山碎屑岩、碎屑岩组成的混积地层。火山岩与碎屑岩组成的地层单元有广义上的成因联系,因为它们都属于史密斯地层,并均具有旋回特征。针对不同的岩性区:碎屑岩岩性区、火山岩与碎屑岩共存区、纯火山岩区,找出由于构造火山活动、相对湖平面变化等因素形成的可作为层序界面的不整合面。碎屑岩岩性区不整合面在地震剖面上主要表现为削蚀、底超、双向下超、顶超、下切谷等;共存区为同时发育火山岩与碎屑岩的削蚀带,不整合面类型较复杂;纯火山岩区表现为相对湖平面下降形成的削蚀不整合面。故可以通过地震、钻测井资料识别各类不整合面,并依据火山喷发方式、火山旋回、沉积旋回,按照不同对比原则进行经典层序地层学划分。     

辽宁兴城龙回头盆地海房沟组地层序列 及沉积环境研究

[摘 要]龙回头盆地是位于辽宁省葫芦岛南的小型中生代盆地,盆地内充填中侏罗统海房沟组,本文以研究盆地内海房沟组地层序列及沉积环境为目的,在盆地内进行实测剖面、砾岩成分统计、砾岩粒径统计、砂岩粒度分析等工作,在海房沟组内发现植物化石(Podozamitaceae gen.indet.)及煤线,认为盆地内海房沟组与锦西南票盘道沟海房沟组及北票海房沟村海房沟组岩石地层序列可以对比。对砾岩的研究结果表明,盆地内砾岩普遍具有短距离搬运、快速堆积的特点,并通过分析剖面内砾岩、砂岩、粉砂岩及泥岩的岩石组合特征,认为盆地内海房沟组属山前盆地冲积扇相。     

二连盆地额仁淖尔凹陷下白垩统湖相云质岩优质储层特征及控制因素

二连盆地多个凹陷的下白垩统均发育一套湖相白云岩.它不仅是一个重要的地层对比标志层,还是一套有效的储集层.这套储层孔隙结构复杂,非均质性强.寻找优质储层是油气勘探的关键.研究以二连额仁淖尔凹陷的下白垩统湖相云质岩为研究对象,研究了云质岩储层的储层特征和成因.本次研究采用岩心观察、岩石学、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射、稳...     

川中高石梯-磨溪地区震旦系灯影组碳酸盐岩岩石类型及分布规律

四川盆地川中地区震旦系气藏储量规模大,储层分布面积广。在Folk(1959)碳酸盐岩分类方案与张荫本等(1996)对粘结岩分类方案研究的基础之上,结合四川盆地震旦系灯影组的具体情况,提出新的划分方案。研究表明:(1)高石梯-磨溪地区震旦系灯影组碳酸盐岩岩石类型可分为3个亚类,10个微类。该方案不同之处在于把凝块(石)云岩归位颗粒岩,同时根据藻的形态把藻云岩进一步细分;(2)沉积岩类的发育和分布受沉积层序的控制。海侵体系域(TST)沉积阶段,以泥-粉晶云岩、微生物岩等正化学岩沉积为主。高位体系域(HST)沉积阶段,以凝块云岩、砂屑云岩等异化颗粒岩沉积为主。纵向上,岩性具有从暗色泥晶云岩→藻云岩→颗粒云岩→浅色泥晶云岩演化的特征,即泻湖亚相→藻丘亚相→颗粒滩亚相→台坪亚相的规律;(3)凝块云岩、砂屑云岩等颗粒岩是主要的储集岩类;(4)灯影组碳酸盐岩不同岩类的发育和分布对储层的发育起到控制作用。对灯影组的油气勘探,除了对岩溶作用的研究之外,还需要重视沉积古地貌、岩相展布特征的分析,有助于有效的预测灯影组储层"甜点区"。     

川东板东构造长兴组生物礁及其地震特征研究

根据板东构造板东4井等长兴组钻探资料,对长兴组的生物礁进行了研究。研究表明板东构造长兴组储集岩有生物（屑）泥晶灰岩-含生物（屑）泥晶灰岩、礁灰岩和白云岩。综合储集岩物性特征、区域钻、测井资料及野外剖面,总结了生物礁的形成与演化模式及模式各部位所对应的岩性和物性。通过地震响应特征、反演等技术建立了长兴组储层识别模式,利用对应速度、Landmark属性提取的储层有效厚度经计算机网格化编制出了长兴组储层厚度分布预测图,与钻测井厚度对比,证实板东4井生物礁为点礁。     

Miocene Bahean stratigraphy in the Longzhong Basin, northern central China and its implications in environmental change

Fossil mammal-riched Neogene strata are widely distributed in the southeast corner of the huge Longzhong Basin at Tianshui, Gansu Province, northern central China. Hipparion weihoense, a typical member of late Middle Miocene Bahean stage, was recently excavated at Yaodian along a well-exposed outcrop. Owing to the importance of the Bahean stage in the mammalian evolution and its potential for environmental change, we suggested a name of Yaodian Formation for the stratigra- phy, which is correlated to the Bahe Formation at Lantian, Shaanxi. High resolution paleomagnetic dating of the section shows that the Yaodian Formation covers the period between 11.67 Ma and 7.43 Ma, with the site bearing Hipparion weihoense being estimated at about 10.54―10.30 Ma, providing first magnetostratigraphic chronology for the Bahean Stage. The Yaodian Formation consists of fluvial channel deposits (11.67―10.40 Ma) at the bottom, floodplain deposits in the middle (10.40―9.23 Ma) and shallow lake sediments at the top (9.23―7.43 Ma). This upward fining sequence suggests that the relief in nearby mountain ranges such as West Qinling to the south and Huajia Ling to the north was greatly reduced after long-term denudation, fluvial transport capacity was low, and finally the drainage system was disintegrated, replaced with broad-shallow lakes in which only fine sediments like mud and marlite were deposited, indicating an old stage of development of a planation surface. A remarkable shift in ecology and climatic environment was found at 7.4―7.7 Ma when paleoclimate changed from early warm humid to late dry as indicated by sedimentary facies changed from early shallow lake sequence to late eolian red clays and a former coniferous-deciduous mixed forest was replaced by grassland, leading to great growth of Hipparion Fauna of Baodean stage in the region. Therefore, it is estimated that the present high relief of Qinling and drainage pattern did not come into being until Late Pliocene in response to intensive neotectonism and climate change.     

济阳坳陷东营凹陷古近系沙河街组沉积相

济阳坳陷东营凹陷的主要含油层系为古近系沙河街组。沙河街组各段沉积相的展布各具特征,演化序列清楚。沙四段早期主要发育冲积—洪积扇,分布于湖盆的边缘地区;沙四段晚期,受北断南超的箕状构造背景控制,由北向南依次发育了近岸水下扇、滑塌浊积扇、半深湖相和滨浅湖濉坝相沉积。沙三段沉积时期是三角洲发育的鼎盛时期,三角洲的主体主要分布于凹陷的东部和中部地区,伴随着三角洲自东向西的推进及湖盆范围的不断缩小,沉积类型由早期的三角洲—滑塌浊积扇、三角洲—坡移浊积扇体系向晚期的河流—三角洲体系演化。南部斜坡带以河流相沉积为主,北部陡坡带垂向上由近岸水下扇—滑塌浊积扇、三角洲和辫状河三角洲组成。经过沙三段沉积时期三角洲等的填平补齐作用,到沙二段沉积时期以河流相沉积为主,只在凹陷西部的利津洼陷发育小规模的三角洲—浅湖相沉积。沙—段沉积时期湖盆发生大规模湖侵,物源供应减弱,以滨、浅湖相沉积为主,在凹陷南部边缘发育有滩坝相沉积。     

雄安新区蓟县系雾迷山组岩溶热储特征、主控因素及有利区预测*

雄安新区蓟县系雾迷山组中赋存丰富的地热资源,研究雾迷山组岩溶热储特征及优质储集层发育的主控因素是地热资源勘探的基础。综合运用野外剖面、岩心、薄片、钻井、测井、录井等地质与地球物理资料,对雾迷山组岩溶热储特征和演化过程进行了深入研究,明确了优质储集层形成的控制因素,预测了有利靶区。结果表明,雾迷山组岩溶热储主要岩性为晶粒白云岩、颗粒白云岩、微生物白云岩、硅质白云岩和角砾白云岩等,溶蚀孔洞、裂缝及其组合为主要的储集空间类型。雾迷山组热储平均孔隙度为3.18%,平均渗透率为91.48×10^-3 μm²;其中角砾白云岩物性最好。雾迷山组岩溶热储经历了沉积—准同生期成孔(雾迷山沉积期)、Ⅰ期表生增孔(雾迷山沉积期后至青白口纪前)、Ⅰ期埋藏减孔(青白口纪前至三叠纪)、Ⅱ期表生增孔(三叠纪—古近纪)、Ⅱ期埋藏减孔(新近纪—第四纪)5个阶段,岩性及岩相、成岩作用和构造应力是雾迷山组有利热储形成的主控因素。藻云坪—云坪相、表生岩溶、埋藏溶蚀、准同生岩溶、岩溶高地—斜坡和地层裂缝段比率大于0.4的6项叠合区是研究区最有利的岩溶热储发育区。