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101.
In order to predict wind loading on trees (canopy height h) in partially harvested forests, it is necessary to characterize air flow and momentum transfer in progressively more complex
patterns where groups of trees (or aggregates) are retained. In this study, we used large-eddy simulation to explore the effects
of aggregate size, inter-aggregate spacing, and the ratio between the aggregate size and inter-aggregate spacing on air flow
and momentum transfer. Forty-five grid points across an aggregate were needed to achieve an adequate level of turbulence.
Using grid sizes of h/15 throughout was too viscous for the smaller aggregates. Vertical and horizontal flow deflection by the leading aggregates
sheltered some of the downstream aggregates to varying degrees where turbulence increased for subsequent rows. The number
of rows of protected aggregates decreased as aggregate dimensions and the space between aggregates increased. A theoretical
treatment of time-dependent wind is presented for the lead aggregate and a simulation case is presented for the case of a
gust of reduced wind passing through the aggregate pattern. The leading aggregate responded with decreasing moment for decreasing
ambient wind speed as predicted by theory. However, downwind aggregates experienced substantial increases in bending moment.
The overall results of the disruptive aspects of time dependence agrees with arguments regarding the role of irrotational
(potential) flow to this problem. Our treatment of retention pattern design is only a first step and further research suggestions
are presented. 相似文献
102.
Jinquan Liu Weizhong Chen Zhiping Deng Taogen Liu 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2020,38(2):144-153
AbstractDue to the strong disintegration and water erosion of completely weathered granite, water and mud inrush disasters are apt to take place in this zone during underwater tunnel construction. The pore, compactness, seepage path length, fracture geometries and their interconnections for water and mud transfer are strongly influenced by confining pressure and waterproof-resistant slab safety thickness. In order to inspect the influence, a series of experiments based on a self-designed testing system and non-Darcy testing method were performed. The results indicated that the water and mud inrush evolution increased with the increase of confining pressure and decreased with the increase of safety thickness. In particular, the confining pressure mainly influences the initial evolution stage, and a critical safety thickness to prevent water and mud inrush is obtained. Besides, the non-Darcy testing method results shows that the water and mud inrush evolution affects the influence of non-Darcy flow. For example, while the safety thickness was smaller than the critical value, the evolution was large and unstable and its behavior transferred into nonlinear. In this case, the flow changed to non-Darcy flow. 相似文献
103.
Seismic response of underground utility tunnels: shaking table testing and FEM analysis 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
Underground utility tunnels are widely used in urban areas throughout the world for lifeline networks due to their easy maintenance
and environmental protection capabilities. However, knowledge about their seismic performance is still quite limited and seismic
design procedures are not included in current design codes. This paper describes a series of shaking table tests the authors
performed on a scaled utility tunnel model to explore its performance under earthquake excitation. Details of the experimental
setup are first presented focusing on aspects such as the design of the soil container, scaled structural model, sensor array
arrangement and test procedure. The main observations from the test program, including structural response, soil response,
soil-structure interaction and earth pressure, are summarized and discussed. Further, a finite element model (FEM) of the
test utility tunnel is established where the nonlinear soil properties are modeled by the Drucker-Prager constitutive model;
the master-slave surface mechanism is employed to simulate the soil-structure dynamic interaction; and the confining effect
of the laminar shear box to soil is considered by proper boundary modeling. The results from the numerical model are compared
with experiment measurements in terms of displacement, acceleration and amplification factor of the structural model and the
soil. The comparison shows that the numerical results match the experimental measurements quite well. The validated numerical
model can be adopted for further analysis. 相似文献
104.
威连滩冲沟砂黄土的风蚀与降雨侵蚀模拟实验 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
通过风洞与模拟降雨实验,研究了风力与降雨对青海省贵南县威连滩冲沟砂黄土的复合侵蚀作用。实验得出:①风蚀后的降雨使砂黄土表面在风干过程中形成了一层较为坚硬的结壳,增大了土壤的抗蚀性,降低了第二次风洞实验后期的风蚀率;②土壤水分与人为扰动是影响土壤风蚀的两个重要因素。当土壤水分较小时,风蚀率受人为扰动影响巨大;当土壤水分较大时,人为扰动对土壤风蚀的影响较小;③在持续降雨的实验条件下,砂黄土的产流、产沙量随着雨强的变化而改变。这种变化与表土的侵蚀率、可蚀性物质的多少、土壤水分以及土壤的入渗率等都有很大的关系。 相似文献
105.
依托郑西客运专线阌乡隧道,开展浅埋大跨黄土隧道优化施工研究。对隧道进入下穿高速公路前的地表沉降,拱顶下沉及初支钢架应力进行现场监测,结果表明,土体沉降及初支应力不能得到有效控制,现有的施工方案无法满足下穿段施工安全要求,需要及时对其调整;经综合分析,提出了减小开挖面积、侧导多台阶开挖、预留核心土、快速封闭及加强初期支护等一系列优化措施,并采用数值计算软件FLAC3D验证其安全性和可靠性。通过现场实施及监测结果的反馈,证明优化措施效果明显,保障了阌乡隧道顺利下穿连霍高速公路。研究成果为类似施工中采取相应措施控制土体沉降、保护周边建筑设施的安全使用提供了依据 相似文献
106.
以上海地铁11号线某区间盾构工程为背景,采用相似物理模型试验研究盾构隧道开挖对上方垂直于隧道轴线的地下管线的影响,并将试验结果与数值解对比。采用量纲分析法推导出文中模型试验的相似准则,并基于该相似准则设计出盾构机和隧道模型,分别通过管线刚度试验和模糊数学综合评判方法选定模型管线和配制相似土材料。研究结果表明,自主开发的半自动盾构掘进装置能较好地模拟盾构的开挖过程,较人工开挖扰动更小;下方盾构隧道开挖使管线产生的竖向变形关于隧道轴线呈对称分布,其形态符合高斯曲线的特征,最大竖向变形位于隧道轴线正上方处,竖向变形反弯点出现在与隧道轴线水平距离约一倍隧道直径的位置处;隧道开挖对管线的影响范围随管隧间距的增加而减小,管线竖向变形曲线的反弯点位置随管隧垂直间距的增大而有所内移;管线刚度对管线竖向变形的影响相对较小。 相似文献
107.
108.
乌池坝隧道是沪蓉西高速公路恩施至利川段的控制性工程。随着隧道的开挖,岩体沿其切割结构面或临空面产生整体或局部移动,导致围岩失稳而不能施工。针对隧道施工揭露的围岩地质信息,通过几何分析和力学分析,研究该隧道ZK259+738-ZK259+768段围岩不定位块体的空间分布,识别关键块体及其破坏类型,并对比运用UNWEDGE软件建立了该段隧道和围岩块体的三维模型,对其中关键块体进行稳定性评价,计算加固所需的锚固力。研究表明,在超前预报中根据隧道施工的围岩地质信息可以有效地识别围岩块体,获得不定位块体分布状况、查明关键块体,在工程实际块段能确定相应块体稳定性系数及工程安全所需锚固力。 相似文献
109.
晋城市王坡煤矿铁路专运线柏树底隧道下伏采空区治理 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采空区是煤层开采所致。在煤矿开采的同时,也要做好对采空区的处置,消除其对上部建筑物稳定和安全的不良影响。晋城市王坡煤矿柏树底隧道下伏采空区,涉及6个煤矿,开采规模大小不等,开采时间长短有别。其顶板基本为自然跨落方式,上覆岩层软硬相间,致使采空区至今尚未完全塌陷冒落,处于不稳定状态。其上部裂隙带比较发育,向上逐渐减弱直至地表,直接关系到覆岩工程地质的稳定性。本文介绍了王坡煤矿柏树底隧道下伏采空区的基本情况,环境地质条件,工程地质评价,分析了采空区对铁路隧道工程的危害,论述了采用全充填压力注浆治理采空区的工艺步骤和质量检验方法。 相似文献
110.
Based on Biot's wave equation, dynamic response of a circular tunnel with partially sealed liner in viscoelastic saturated soil is investigated. By introducing two scalar potential functions, the analytical solutions of stresses, displacements and pore pressure induced by axisymmetric gradually applied step load are derived in Laplace transform domain. Numerical results are obtained by inverting Laplace transform presented by Durbin and used to analyze the influences of partial permeable property of boundary and viscoelastic damping coefficient of soil on dynamic response of the tunnel. It is shown that the attenuation of radial displacement appeared with the increase of viscoelastic damping coefficient of soil, and relative rigidity of liner and soil, and the influence of partial sealing property of boundary on stresses, displacements and pore pressure is remarkable. The available solutions of permeable and impermeable boundary conditions are only two extreme cases of this paper. 相似文献