Combining multivariate statistical analysis with geographic information systems mapping: a tool for delineating groundwater contamination

Multivariate Statistical Analysis (MSA) has successfully been coupled with geographic information system (GIS) mapping tools to delineate zones of aquifer contamination potential. While delineating contaminants is key to site remediation, it is often compromised by a poor understanding of hydrogeologic conditions, and by uncertainties in contaminant observations. MSA provides improved estimates of contamination potential by augmenting observed contaminant concentrations with auxiliary information from other water-quality parameters. GIS is useful for organizing and managing water-quality information by visually communicating large amounts of information. The proposed method first establishes appropriate areal extents, GIS coverages, and scales for displaying groundwater contamination concentrations of tritium and the volatile organic contaminants trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) at the Savannah River Site, South Carolina, USA. Principal components analysis is used to group variables that are most indicative of contamination potential. Tritium contamination potential is best represented as the combination of tritium with the cations Al, Mg, Na and total dissolved solids, while PCE contamination potential is predicted using PCE and Cl. Maps of contamination potentials for 1993–1995 geochemical data compare favorably with measured contaminant concentrations during 1999. Cluster analysis of water-quality data groups geochemical and contaminant concentrations into zones of homogeneous behavior.

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Resumen El Análisis Estadístico Multivariado (AEM) se ha acoplado con éxito con herramientas cartográficas del Sistema de Información Geográfico (SIG), para delinear zonas de potencial contaminación de acuíferos. En tanto que la delimitación de contaminantes es importante para recuperación del sitio, ella está a menudo amenazada por una comprensión pobre de las condiciones hidrogeológicas, y por las incertidumbres en las observaciones del contaminante. El AEM proporciona estimaciones mejoradas de contaminación potencial al aumentar las concentraciones observadas del contaminante, con la información auxiliar de otros parámetros de calidad de agua. El SIG es útil para organizar y manejar la información de calidad de agua, a través de la comunicación visual de cantidades grandes de información. El método propuesto establece primero magnitudes de área apropiadas, el área cubierta por el SIG, y las escalas para mostrar las concentraciones de contaminación del agua subterránea, a partir de tritio y de contaminantes orgánicos volátiles como tricloroetileno (TCE) y tetracloroetileno (PCE) en el sitio del Río al Savannah, Carolina del Sur, EE.UU. El análisis de componentes principales se usa para agrupar variables que son más indicativas de contaminación potencial. El potencial de contaminación Tritio, se representa mejor como la combinación de tritio con los cationes Al, Mg, Na y los sólidos disueltos totales, mientras la contaminación potencial de PCE se predice usando PCE y Cl. Los mapas de potenciales de contaminación para los datos geoquímicos de 1993–1995 se comparan favorablemente con las concentraciones medidas del contaminante durante 1999. El análisis de racimo hecho en datos de calidad de agua, agrupa concentraciones geoquímicas y concentraciones del contaminante en las zonas de comportamiento homogéneo.

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Résumé L’Analyse Statistique Multivariée (ASM) a été couplée avec succès avec les outils cartographiques des Sytèmes d’Information Géographique (SIG), afin de délimiter les zones à potentiel de contamination des aquifères. Alors que la connaissance de l’extension des contaminants est primordiale pour la réhabilitation des sites, elle est fréquemment compromise par une compréhension limitée du contexte hydrogéologique, et par les incertitudes sur l’observation des contaminants. L’ASM fournit une meilleure estimation du potentiel de contamination, en complétant les concentrations observées en contaminants par des informations annexes issues d’autres paramètres qualitatifs. Les SIG, par leurs capacités à conjuguer visuellement de grandes quantités d’information, sont utiles pour organiser et gérer les informations sur la qualité de l’eau. La première étape de la méthode proposée consiste à définir les limites spatiales appropriées, les couvertures SIG, ainsi que les échelles de visualisation des concentrations en contaminants des eaux souterraines, soit le tritium et les composés organiques volatiles trichloroéthylène et tetrachloroéthylène, sur le site de la rivière Savannah (Californie du Sud, USA). L’analyse en composantes principales est utilisée afin de regrouper les variables caractérisant de manière optimale le potentiel de contamination. Le potentiel de contamination en tritium est représenté le plus significativement par la combinaison du tritium, des cations Al, Mg et Na, et des solides dissous totaux (TDS). Le potentiel de contamination en tétrachloroéthylène est quant à lui estimé en utilisant le tetrachloroéthylène et Cl. Les cartes des potentiels de contamination établies sur les données géochimiques de la période 1993–1995 renvoient une image comparable aux concentrations en contaminants effectivement mesurées en 1999. Une analyse de groupement des données sur la qualité de l’eau rassemble les concentrations géochimiques et en contaminants dans des zones aux comportements homogènes.

     

Microzonation of Zeytinburnu region with respect to soil amplification: A case study

A microzonation study is performed as a part of the Zeytinburnu Pilot Project within the framework of the Earthquake Master Plan for Istanbul to determine the effects of local soil conditions on the earthquake forces that will act on structures. For this purpose, detailed geological and geotechnical studies are conducted at the site, a geological map which demonstrates the local geological features of the site is prepared, and the site is classified with respect to the dynamic behaviour based on the data gathered from the soil borings. In order to investigate the effects of local soil conditions on the dynamic behaviour, site response analyses are performed with the computer code EERA by utilizing the findings of field and laboratory investigations. The behaviour of the region during a probable earthquake is investigated through one dimensional response analyses and microzonation maps are prepared with respect to ground shaking intensity in accordance with the new microzonation manual [Ansal, A., Laue, J., Buchheister, J., Erdik, M., Springman, S., Studer, J., and Koksal, D., 2004. “Site characterization and site amplification for a seismic microzonation study in Turkey” 11th Int. Conference on Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering and 3rd Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, San Francisco; Studer, J. and Ansal, A., 2004. Belediyeler için Sismik Mikrobölgeleme El Kitabı, Araştırma Raporu, Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Bayındırlık ve İskan Bakanlığı, Afet Risk Yönetimi Dünya Enstitüsü].     

Political ecology in North America: Discovering the Third World within?

Political ecologists working in many other parts of the world are now heading north, or simply going global, posing a series of important questions related to theory, methodology, politics, and policy along the way. This special issue, contains papers originally delivered at a conference held at Rutgers University in 2003 that addressed this phenomenon. The papers collected offer case studies that reveal the First World as subject to a host of processes that can be insightfully understood via a political ecology perspective. First, globalized production and consumption regimes have created new linkages that demand synoptic analyses of often far-flung research sites. Second, the painful coincidence of deindustrialization and a radical restructuring of agricultural credit and price support systems have devastated North American and European heartlands, effectively producing “Third World” conditions in many depressed rural areas. Third, migration streams originating in Latin America, Africa and many parts of Asia have brought sizable Third World populations into the spatial heart of capitalism. Fourth, the belated recognition of some indigenous claims to resources, especially in Canada, and fierce opposition to others, have reopened questions of (internal) colonial domination. Finally, we see the burgeoning First World political ecology literature as the culmination of what Louise Fortmann has called “the long intellectual journey home” for many scholars who originally carried out research on/in the Third World. All of these factors have combined to help political ecologists discover suitable analytical terrain in the First World.     

Landfill site selection by using geographic information systems

One of the serious and growing potential problems in most large urban areas is the shortage of land for waste disposal. Although there are some efforts to reduce and recover the waste, disposal in landfills is still the most common method for waste destination. An inappropriate landfill site may have negative environmental, economic and ecological impacts. Therefore, it should be selected carefully by considering both regulations and constraints on other sources. In this study, candidate sites for an appropriate landfill area in the vicinity of Ankara are determined by using the integration of geographic information systems and multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA). For this purpose, 16 input map layers including topography, settlements (urban centers and villages), roads (Highway E90 and village roads), railways, airport, wetlands, infrastructures (pipelines and power lines), slope, geology, land use, floodplains, aquifers and surface water are prepared and two different MCDA methods (simple additive weighting and analytic hierarchy process) are implemented to a geographical information system. Comparison of the maps produced by these two different methods shows that both methods yield conformable results. Field checks also confirm that the candidate sites agree well with the selected criteria.     

世界山脉遗产对比研究及对我国自然遗产申报的建议

本文以联合国教科文组织的相关材料和各国向世界遗产委员会提交的申遗文本为依据，在将地质方面的内容分为13类地质类型（构造、火山、山脉、地层、化石、河湖三角洲、喀斯特、海岸、礁-海岛、冰川、冰期、干旱半干旱沙漠、陨石冲击）的前提下，把其中的27项山脉世界遗产分为了生物多样性、地形地貌、地貌多样性、文化与自然、天然美景5类。在研究世界山脉遗产的基础上对中国的世界自然遗产和文化自然双遗产预备名录中有关山脉部分的遗产进行了价值分析。根据当前申请遗产的状况，对我国的遗产状况提出了一些建议：申报时应尽量填补某项空白，注意周边山脉的问题，慎重在申报独立的遗产或是作为扩展项目加入已有遗产之间选择。     

Effects of local site conditions on the seismic response of municipal solid waste landfills

Over the last decade, the seismic response of landfills made of municipal solid waste has drawn attention mainly due to the environmental and public-health issues that could be raised in the event of a failure. Nevertheless, there are several associated technical issues that have not been adequately investigated. One of these is the impact of local site conditions on the earthquake-induced accelerations and, thereby, on the seismic design of a landfill. This study presents the results of a parametric numerical simulation that has been performed in order to examine the effects of local site conditions on the dynamic response of a typical landfill. Emphasis is given on the special characteristics of ground motion, while the material nonlinearity of both soil and waste is taken into account by an equivalent-linear procedure. Results indicate that local site conditions may play a significant role in the seismic response of a landfill. However, this role cannot be judged a priori as beneficial or detrimental, as it depends not only on soil conditions and seismic excitation, but also on the material and geometric characteristics of the landfill.     

南海F站位冷泉水体中的溶解甲烷

目前对南海北部陆坡的F站位冷泉的研究多从地质和生物角度开展,而冷泉羽流在水平和垂直方向上的扩散范围尚不清晰,其影响因素尚不明确。针对该问题,于2021年6月6~23日搭乘“科学”轮对该冷泉海域的溶解甲烷进行调查,使用搭载遥控无人潜水器(Remote Operated Vehicle,ROV)和温盐深系统(Conductivity,Temperature,Depth,CTD)的采水瓶采集了该冷泉及邻近水体中从近海底(距底2.5 m)至表层(5~10 m)多个层位的水样,并使用气相色谱仪在现场分析了水样中溶解甲烷的含量。结果表明,溶解甲烷在覆盖喷口的生物繁茂区水体中的含量为6 590~11 300 nmol/L,在生物稀少的毗邻区迅速降至85.0~354.8 nmol/L。水柱剖面的测量结果显示冷泉喷口区1 000 m以深的水体中溶解甲烷含量高于背景区,而1 000 m以浅的水体中溶解甲烷的含量与背景区相同(2.01~3.90 nmol/L);自喷口区顺流向下1 500 m处,甲烷羽流信号消失。综上结果,甲烷羽流的水平扩散距离≤1 500 m,上升高度≤125 m。溶解甲烷的含量在生物繁茂区的迅速降低是由于底栖生物对溶解甲烷的摄食所致,而其在繁茂区之外扩散过程中的逐渐降低是海水湍流混合导致的稀释效应所致。     

盐城世界生物圈保护区十年评估与启示

中国自然保护区建设已有近60年的历史,并成为我国最有效的保护生物多样性网络。如何对已建自然保护区,特别是快速演变的湿地类型自然保护区的保护成效进行评估已成为我们面临的最紧迫任务之一。中国人与生物圈国家委员会对其认定的保护区开展评估已有多年,但政府部门和学术界对此知之甚少。以中国人与生物圈国家委员会对以盐城世界生物圈保护区十年评估为案例,介绍了该组织对自然保护区保护成效评估方式与过程、特点,提出了我国湿地自然保护区今后如何开展保护成效评估的3点启示:1我国自然保护区事业必需转型到重建设和保护成效的新阶段;2对保护对象的科学研究和长期监测是提高保护成效的重要基础;3要特别重视滨海湿地的保护。     

大兵团联合作战在援鲁抗旱找水打井施工的启示

此次我局参与援鲁抗旱找水打井项目,克服重重困难,在1个月内完成了26口井的钻进任务,这离不开科学的、有效的现场管理。以管理者的视角,从全局资源部署、生产技术和工艺、施工流程、安全生产、纪律制度保障等方面进行系统化、理论化的梳理与总结,旨在表明项目现场管理的质量与现场管理者的素质直接决定了项目的进度、质量、安全和效益,同时也代表了一个单位的管理水平和企业文化。     

云南鹤庆北衙铁金矿区矿坑涌水量预测

北衙金矿区是以溶蚀裂隙岩溶含水层为主的矿床,大部份矿体位于当地侵蚀基准面1694米(W123泉)以下,水文地质勘探的程度为以溶蚀裂隙含水层充水为主的复杂类型,标高1734米以上为简单类型。以抽水试验取得成果,介绍矿区矿坑涌水量预测采用的主要预测方法。通过矿山后续排水疏干的实际情况,对预测的方法和矿坑涌水量进行论证。