Some Simple Statistical Models For Relative And Absolute Dispersion

Observations of the dispersion of a contaminant plume in the atmospheric boundary layer, obtained using a Lidar, are analysed in the coordinate frame relative to the instantaneous centre of mass of the plume, as well as the absolute (or fixed) coordinate frame. The study extends the work presented in a previous article, which analysed the structure of the probability density function (pdf) of concentration within the relative coordinate frame. Firstly, the plume displacement component, or plume meander, is analysed and a simple parametric form for the pdf of the plume centreline position is suggested. This is then used to analyse the accuracy and applicability of absolute framework statistical quantities obtained by a convolution of the relative frame statistical quantity with the plume centreline pdf.     

On the three-dimensional oceanic density distribution in a millennium integration with an AO-GCM

 The three-dimensional time-mean density distribution in the ocean is determined not only by the time-mean fluxes of heat and freshwater at the sea surface, but also by time-mean vertical currents and time-mean density fluxes due to oceanic transients excited by fluctuating fluxes at the sea surface. The effects of these various processes on the global density fields are assessed using a balance equation of the variance of spatial density anomalies and a millennium integration with an atmosphere–ocean general circulation model. It is found that spatial density anomalies are generated by the time-mean heat fluxes at the sea surface and destroyed by the time-mean surface freshwater flux, by sinking of dense water and rising of less dense water, and finally by density fluxes associated with transients. The last two processes take place essentially in the oceanic interior. Since density fluxes of transient eddies act to reduce the existing density differences between the Atlantic/Southern Oceans and the other oceans, their presence could affect the global density balance, and from that the thermohaline circulation and the stability of this circulation. Received: 4 October 2001 / Accepted: 10 October 2002 Responsible Editor: Richard J. Greatbatch Acknowledgements I thank Ulrich Cubasch and his colleagues for providing me with the ECHAM3/LSG integration, Peter Müller and Richard Greatbatch for valuable suggestions.     

地球主磁场的能量密度谱及其长期变化

根据BJ地磁场模型和第8代国际地磁参考场(IGRF)模型，计算并分折了1690～2000年期间地球表面主磁场和分量的能量密度谱及其长期变化。结果表明1690～2000年期间主磁场的能量密度谱一直在减小，其主要原因是由于偶板子磁场的衰减产生的，而非偶板子磁场的能量密度谱在1690～1780年期间减小，1780～1890年增大，1890年以后快速增大。在地磁场总能谱的变化中，Z分量的贡献起主要作用。能量密度随谐波阶数的变化在半对数坐标中近似线性，非偶板子场的等效磁源深度位于核幔边界附近，n＝1，2谐波项的等效磁源位于地球内核边缘，其位置随时间变化。1780和1890年前后是地磁场变化的转折时期。能量密度谱的长期变化存在大约60a的周期规律。     

中国海及邻域岩石圈三维密度分布

利用中国海及邻域的 2 0× 2 0网格密度异常和 15′× 15′的网格平均布格重力异常 ,采用约束最小二乘方法反演 ,得到了中国海及邻域岩石圈内六个层面上 15′× 15′的密度分布结果 .反演结果表明 :(1)中国海及邻域岩石圈密度极不均匀 ,反映了区内强烈的构造活动特征 ;(2 )层内密度分布与大地构造有明显的相关性 ,不同的构造单元存在着密度差异 ,断裂带表现为密度异常梯级带 .     

沙丘表面沙土密度分布特征及其成因

沙土是存在于干旱、半干旱地区的一种特殊性土,其岩土工程性质与风沙环境紧密相关。沙丘表面沙土物质成分均一,比重一致,但密度的离散性很大。观测表明,新月形沙丘迎风坡密度较大,但中部存在一个低密度区,落沙坡密度最小,接近该类沙丘沙样的最小干密度。线性沙丘上,则是沙丘脊部沙土的密度最大,接近该类沙丘沙样最大干密度,两腰部密度较小。沙丘表面沙土密度分布特征与风沙流结构和沙丘表面压力关系极为密切。     

人工地震横波地质勘察——查明复杂、疑难地质问题的新方法

人工横波地震是工程物探的一种新技术，但由于理论上存在一些误区，在工程实践中给地质解释带来一定困难。正确理解和计算横波波速是解决这个问题的首要任务，利用多次叠加时动校正的速度能量团计算横波速度比较可靠，该技术的应用已成功地解决了一些疑难复杂地质问题。准确的横波波速计算可使横波勘探得到更好地推广和应用，为工程设计和建设提供可靠的地质资料。     

多波AVA地层参数反演

以Zoeppritz方程为基础，对多波AVA地层岩性参数反演进行探讨。根据给出的多层水平介质理论模型和实际多波地震资料，以广义线性反演作为数学工具，分别利用P－P波、P－SV波及P波与P－SV波联合进行了地层P波速度、S波速度及密度的反演。理论模型计算证明了该方法的正确性，并进一步验证了该方法对噪声有一定的抗干扰能力。实际多波数据计算结果也说明该方法可从多波地震记录反演得到较为准确的地层岩性参数。     

Estimation of 2-D and 3-D Fracture Densities from 1-D Data - Experimental and Field Results

2-D and 3-D densities of fractures are commonly used in mining safety design, natural gas and oil production in fractured reservoirs, and the characterization of subsurface flow and transportation systems in fractured rocks. However, many field data sets are collected in 1-D frequency (f) (e.g., scanlines and borehole data). We have developed an ARC/ INFO-based technology to calculate fracture frequency and densities for a given fracture network. A series of numerical simulations are performed in order to determine the optimal orientation of a scanline, along which the maximum fracture frequency of a fracture network can be obtained. We calculated the frequency (f) and densities (both D1 and D2) of 36 natural fracture trace maps, and investigated the statistical relationship between fracture frequency and fracture density D1, i.e. D1=1.340f+ 0.034. We derived analytical solutions for converting dimensional density (D1) to non-dimensional densities (D2 and D3) assuming that fracture length distribution f     

The Early Palaeozoic Break-up of Northern Gondwana: Sedimentology, Physical Volcanology and Geochemistry of a Submarine Volcanic Complex in the Bavarian Facies Association, Saxothuringian Basin, Germany

Ordovician volcano-sedimentary successions of the Bavarian facies association in the Saxothuringian basin record the continental rift phase of the separation of the Saxothuringian Terrane from Gondwana. An 80 m succession from the Vogtendorf beds and Randschiefer Series (Arenig-Middle Ordovician), exposed along the northern margin of the Münchberg Gneiss Massif in northeast Bavaria, were subjected to a study of their sedimentology, physical volcanology and geochemistry. The Randschiefer series previously has been interpreted as lavas, tuffs, sandstones and turbidites, but the studied Ordovician units include four main lithological associations: mature sandstones and slates, pillowed alkali-basalts and derivative mass flow deposits, trachyandesitic lavas and submarine pyroclastic flow deposits interbedded with turbidites. Eight lithofacies have been distinguished based on relict sedimentary structures and textures, which indicate deposition on a continental shelf below wave base. The explosive phase that generated the pyroclastic succession was associated with the intrusion of dykes and sills, and was succeeded by the eruption of pillowed basalts. Debris flow deposits overlie the basalts. Ordovician volcanism in this region, therefore, alternated between effusive and explosive phases of submarine intermediate to mafic volcanism.

Based on geochemical data, the volcanic and pyroclastic rocks are classified as basalts and trachyandesites. According to their geochemical characteristics, especially to their variable concentrations of incompatible elements such as the High Field Strength Elements (HFSE), they can be divided into three groups. Group I, which is formed by massive lavas at the base of the succession, has extraordinarily high contents of HFSE. The magmas of this group were probably derived from a mantle source in the garnet stability field by low (ca. 1%) degrees of partial melting and subsequent fractionation. Group II, which comprises the pillow lavas at the top of the sequence, displays moderate enrichment of HFSE. This can be explained by a slightly higher degree of melting (ca. 1.6%) for the primary magma. Group I and II melts fractionated from their parental magmas in different magma chambers. The eruption centres of Groups I and II, therefore, cannot be the same, and the volcanic rocks must have originated from different vents. The sills and pyroclastic flow deposits of Group III stem at least partly from the same source as Group I. Rocks of Group I most likely mixed together with Group II components during the formation of the Group III flows, which became hybridised during eruption, transportation and emplacement.

The sedimentological and geochemical data best support a rift as the tectonic setting of this volcanism, analogous to modern continental rift zones. Hence, the rift-associated volcanic activity preserved in the Vogtendorf beds and Randschiefer Series represents an early Ordovician stage of rift volcanism when the separation of the Saxothuringian Terrane from Gondwana had just commenced.