Motions and slamming impact on catamaran

Prediction of craft motions and the dynamic loads acting on a catamaran hull are of great importance to the designer. This paper presents the motions of a Vosper International catamaran in head seas with and without forward speed. Two approaches are used—strip theory and the 3D pulsating source method. A method to predict slamming loads acting on this catamaran section using Computational Fluid Dynamics is presented. The loads acting on catamaran hulls and the cross structure are illustrated.     

江苏省雨日及降水量的气候变化研究

利用江苏省1960—2000年13个测站逐日降水资料,分析了41 a来江苏省年、季、月雨日的时空特征和雨日的气候变化。结果表明,江苏省的年雨日已经明显减少,平均每10 a雨日减少10.4 d。各季的雨日都呈负趋势,平均每10 a季雨日减少2.6 d。而秋季雨日减少最明显也最多。雨日长期趋势变化有明显的空间变化。江苏省的年雨日东部比西部减少的多,东部雨日每10 a减少14.6 d。月雨日也呈减少趋势,尤以4月、9月明显。雨日的长期趋势变化与降水量的长期趋势变化并不完全一致,这种不一致表现在长期趋势变化的强度上、范围上。总的来说,雨日的负趋势变化要强于降水量,负趋势的范围也要比降水量来得广一些。     

Chemical compositions of wet precipitation and anthropogenic influences at a developing urban site in southeastern China

A comprehensive study on the chemical compositions of wet precipitation was carried out from January 2004 to December 2004 in Jinhua, southeastern China's Zhejiang Province. All samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity and major ions (F⁻, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and NH₄⁺). The rainwater was typically acidic with a volume-weighted mean pH of 4.54, which ranged from 3.64 to 6.76. SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻ were the main anions, while NH₄⁺ and Ca²⁺ were the main cations. The concentrations of these major ions were generally higher compared to those reported in other parts of the world, but much lower than those in northern China.Wet deposition fluxes of major ions showed pronounced seasonal variations with maximum in spring and minimum in autumn. Significant correlations were found in soil-derived species among Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺ and sea-salt species between Na⁺ and Cl⁻. Other relatively good correlations were also observed between Ca²⁺ and SO₄^2-, Mg²⁺ and SO₄^2-, Mg²⁺ and NO₃⁻, Mg²⁺ and Cl⁻. Principal component analysis was also performed on individual precipitation to find possible sources of the major ionic species. Varimax rotated four components accounting for 85.9% of the total variance, and were interpreted as acid and alkaline pollutants, sea spray and mixed source, soil and acid/neutralization. Calculation of enrichment factors for rainwater components relative to soil and seawater indicated that Ca²⁺ and K⁺ mainly originated from the terrestrial source, and SO₄^2- and NO₃⁻ were mostly attributed for the anthropogenic activities in the study area. In general, the results suggested that precipitation chemistry is strongly influenced by anthropogenic sources rather than natural and marine sources. The pollutants in rainwater were mainly derived from long distance transport, local industry and traffic sources.     

台风外围偏东气流中的暴雨及其等熵位涡特征

0414号台风"云娜"在浙江登陆后迅速减弱为台风低压,48 h后台风低压北侧偏东气流区域出现了暴雨,当时暴雨区中低层850,700和500 hPa没有辐合系统,而且暴雨出现前较强冷空气影响该区域,已使这里的位势不稳定减小,因此动力抬升和位势不稳定条件均不利于暴雨的产生。为了探讨这种情况下暴雨形成的原因,应用常规报文和1°×1°的NCEP再分析资料,对此次暴雨产生的条件及其等熵位涡演变特征进行了分析。结果表明:中层台风低压倒槽的移速快于低层,在暴雨区形成了一支自下而上向西倾斜的上升气流,暴雨区上空恰好存在着对称不稳定,斜升气流引起了对称不稳定能量的释放,使倾斜对流发展,提供了产生暴雨所需的动力和不稳定条件。而台风外围较强的水汽输送为暴雨的产生提供了充沛的水汽条件。等熵位涡分析表明,大值位涡带与降水区有较好的对应关系。正位涡异常中心的出现对降水的发生发展具有指示意义。     

台风“韦帕”(0713)引发华东暴雨过程的诊断比较

采用湿Q矢量、螺旋度、湿位涡对给华东造成严重灾害的超强台风"韦帕"(0713)强降水过程进行诊断比较分析,结果表明:登陆前,上述物理量均能提前指示强降水落区,湿位涡有更多提前指示时间,螺旋度次之,湿Q矢量最少;登陆后,三者均能表征台风主体云系降水,湿位涡、螺旋度与强降水有较好对应关系,而湿Q矢量指示强降水位置偏北,但湿位涡会出现一定程度空报现象;台风深入内陆后,螺旋度预报指示明显不如湿位涡、湿Q矢量好,螺旋度指示强降水位置偏东,而湿Q矢量指示强降水范围略偏小;对台风后部强降水,湿Q矢量和螺旋度均未能预报出降水落区,而湿位涡仍有较好的预报效果。从区域平均看,螺旋度与湿Q矢量的预报指示时效小于12 h,而湿位涡超过12 h。     

2001年7月山西中部一次罕见暴雨过程的诊断分析

利用常规探空和地面实测资料以及GMS-5红外卫星云图资料,对发生在2001年7月26~27日山西省晋中市的一次区域性暴雨进行了天气学诊断和准地转Q矢量、湿Q矢量诊断及对比分析,结果表明:(1)此次暴雨发生在稳定的大尺度环流背景下,低涡切变线是其主要影响系统;东移发展的地面强冷锋是造成此次暴雨的天气尺度系统;而冷锋云系中新生、发展的中-β尺度暴雨云团是造成这次暴雨的直接系统。能量场在地面表现为Ω型。(2)Q矢量锋生函数表现出典型的准地转特征,而湿Q矢量锋生函数则具有明显的中尺度特征,且与降水量有滞后6 h的正相关关系,其强中心的出现是未来6 h强降水预报的重要指标。(3)对湿Q矢量的分解表明,Qx*和Qy*在强度、层次以及出现的时间上存在明显差异,这可能是由于对于暴雨这种伴有强烈垂直上升运动的天气现象来说,其经向上热量和动量的交换较纬向上的要大得多;暴雨出现在Qy*正、负值的交汇处。     

2012年7月北京一次大暴雨过程的湿Q矢量和湿位涡分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°的6 h再分析资料和常规气象观测资料,对2012年7月21日发生在北京地区的一次大暴雨天气过程进行非地转湿Q矢量(Q*)和湿位涡等物理量诊断分析,研究暴雨期间Q*散度、锋生函数和湿位涡的时空分布特征,以及它们与强降水之间的关系。结果表明,Q*在850 hPa高度层上对暴雨表现出良好的诊断特性,冷、暖气流的汇聚加强了锋生作用,强锋生中心出现几小时后即出现暴雨。暴雨区位于Q*辐合区内,Q*散度对6 h后暴雨的落区有很好的指示意义。暴雨落区基本位于MPV1正、负值交界处的等值线密集带上以及MPV2负值区内。暴雨区上空,从近地面到对流层低层的对流性不稳定与条件性对称不稳定同时存在,两者共同作用,这很可能是此次暴雨的中尺度对流系统发生发展的重要条件之一。     

大连地区主汛期多、少雨年同期大气环流场的差异

大连地区主汛期降水异常是该地区大气环流异常直接影响的结果,本文用1961~2000年各层大气环流场资料来分析对比多、少雨年同期大气环流的情况。揭示出大连地区主汛期多雨年和少雨年同期的海平面气压场、850 hPa大气环流场、500 hPa西风带槽脊和高度场都存在显著差异。多雨年较少雨年该地区低层的辐合上升运动加强,850 hPa盛行西南气流,水汽输送旺盛。同时,500 hPa西风带的槽脊波动加深,高空西风急流增强。     

湿地小气候效应特征研究

湿地对局地小气候具有调节作用,研究湿地小气候效应特征能更具体地了解湿地对局地小气候的影响。本文以河北省衡水市的衡水湖为例,利用衡水市11个常规气象观测站数据,通过对湖区及湖区外各季节不同气象要素的对比,对衡水湖各个季节的小气候效应进行了分析。结果表明:（1）衡水湖具有冷岛效应、湿岛效应和风岛效应,能够调节周围的气候特征;（2）衡水湖的小气候效应具有季节特征,衡水湖各季节平均的冷岛效应由强到弱依次为春季、冬季、秋季、夏季,湿岛效应由强到弱分别为夏季、春季、秋季、冬季,风岛效应由强到弱依次为春季、夏季、冬季、秋季,春季小气候效应最强;（3）衡水湖的小气候效应具有昼夜特征,夜晚的冷岛效应强于白天,湿岛和风岛效应正相反,白天的强度大于夜晚。     

Importance of sulfate emission to sulfur deposition at urban and rural sites in China

Throughfall (TF) and wet only (WO) deposition along with SO₂ and sulfate (SO₄²⁻) concentration in air at 4 urban and rural sites in southwestern China were monitored in order to understand the role of different forms of sulfur (S) emission to the S deposition and its effect in China. The sites were located in Chongqing, Hunan, and Guizhou provinces. S deposition at the most polluted site reached 15 g S m^− 2 yr^− 1. At three of the sites, located in the vicinity of several emission sources, dry S deposition is 2.1–4.2 times that of wet deposition, which is significantly higher than what is found in most other parts of the world.Main components in airborne particles (PM₁₀) are (NH₄)₂SO₄ and CaSO₄ at the highly polluted Tie Shan Ping (TSP) site. Dust particles of gypsum (CaSO₄) in the air are partly due to direct emission and partly from the reaction of calcium oxides and carbonates with sulfuric acid in the air. To illustrate the importance of sulfate emission to total S deposition we analyzed the source of S deposition based on both measurements and models. Results indicated that direct emission of SO₄²⁻ particles could account for high proportion in total S deposition at the three most polluted sites.