Petrogenesis and sedimentary environment of silicate in Late Paleozoic in Kala area of Western Sichuan Province

In order to study the sedimentary environment characteristics of the Late Paleozoic in Kala area of Western Sichuan Province, the authors have conducted the petrological and geochemical analyses of the widely distributed silicate in Qiongyi Formation of Lower Carboniferous and Kawenggou Formation of Upper Permian. The results show that the silicate in the study area belongs to the pure siliceous rocks, with a continuous supply of land-based materials during the deposition process. The average Al/(Al+Fe+Mn) ratio is 0.62, and the silicate shows a biogenic origin by the Al-Fe-Mn diagram. The ratios of Al₂O₃/ (Al₂O₃+ Fe₂O₃), Th/U, Th/Sc, (La/Ce)_N and (La/Yb)_N and tectonic environment discriminant diagram demonstrate that the silicate developed in a shallow-slope depesitional environment in the continental margin. The Ce_anom value is -0.04 to 0.07, and it gradually increases from the Carboniferous to the Permian period, indicating the water body is in an anoxic environment with gradually increasing reducibility. The Garz--Litang basin opened in the Carboniferous period, in accordance with the regional geological evolution, and it continued to expand during the Permian period, with the gradually increasing depth of the seawater within the sedimentary basins.     

东昆仑山中段布尔汗布达山地区断裂特征及昆中断裂带南界讨论

布尔汗布达山西南缘属东昆仑造山带腹地,新太古代以来区域构造作用强烈。中二叠世,随着东昆仑地区多岛洋盆依次关闭,研究区形成数条近于平行的EW向深大断裂组合,构成昆中断裂带主体格架。通过研究分析与断裂相关的地形地貌、遥感影像、地球物理、岩石地层、变形变质、断裂结构组成、显微构造等,总结出主要断裂特征,并梳理了区内构造格架,针对尚未统一认识的昆中断裂带南界问题进行探讨,最终认为温冷恩断裂属昆中断裂带南界断裂。研究成果为进一步开展相关地质问题分析提供了依据。     

西太平洋暖池海温和山西盛夏降水关系研究

利用1961—2016年山西盛夏(7—8月)平均降水和同期NOAA重构海温资料,分析了山西盛夏降水分别与赤道中东太平洋海温和西太平洋暖池海温相关性的变化。结果表明:山西盛夏降水和赤道中东太平洋海温之间呈现稳定的显著负相关;和西太平洋暖池海温呈现正相关,并在20世纪70年代末到80年代初之后相关性加强,通过了0.05显著性检验。进一步分析表明,这种西太平洋暖池海温对20世纪80年代以来山西盛夏降水指示意义加强的事实,主要体现在赤道中东太平洋海温偏冷的背景下。西太平洋暖池海温异常通过影响与山西盛夏降水密切相关的大气环流、季风槽位置和东亚夏季风,导致山西盛夏降水异常。盛夏赤道中东太平洋海温偏冷时,西太平洋暖池海温偏暖(冷),通过遥相关引起中高纬度大气欧亚—太平洋型遥相关(EUP)和负太平洋—日本(PJ)波列,通过影响季风槽位置偏西偏北(偏东偏南),引起西太平洋副热带高压偏北(南)和季风指数偏小(大),导致山西盛夏降水偏多(少)。     

鄂西-渝东地区热史恢复及烃源岩成烃史

根据鄂西—渝东地区镜质体反射率数据进行的热史恢复结果表明:该区在晚二叠世初期达到最高古热流(可达68~78mW/m²,地表热流),从晚二叠世初到现今古热流持续降低,在侏罗纪末期古热流平均为~54mW/m²(地表热流);鄂西—渝东地区中生界与新生界之间不整合面的剥蚀量可达1700~4000m。成烃史研究表明:鄂西—渝东地区志留系烃源岩在晚志留世—早二叠世进入生油高峰,在早-中三叠世进入生气期,中侏罗世晚期进入过成熟干气阶段,快速生烃时期是在晚志留世、二叠纪—中三叠世及早-中侏罗世;而二叠系烃源岩在早三叠世进入生油门限,于中-晚三叠世达到生油高峰,在中-晚侏罗世进入生气期,晚侏罗世晚期进入过成熟,快速生烃时期是在早-中三叠世及侏罗纪。     

WP和NAO对中国东南部冬季温度的协同影响

利用NCEP/NCAR和ERA-Interim再分析资料,通过多元线性回归等分析方法,研究了西太平洋遥相关型(Western Pacific teleconnection,WP)和北大西洋涛动(North Atlantic Oscillation,NAO)的不同配置对中国东南部冬季气温的影响.结果 表明:WP正位相年,...     

Assessing the extent of mangrove change caused by Cyclone Vance in the eastern Exmouth Gulf, northwestern Australia

Changes in mangal area were quantified in the eastern Exmouth Gulf over six years (1999–2004) after Cyclone Vance using Landsat TM satellite imagery and aerial photography. Vance was the strongest tropical cyclone ever to impact the Australian mainland before 2006 and produced wind gusts of more than 280 km h⁻¹. Image data were processed using ENVI™ and IDRISI™ software. Three sets of Landsat TM images from 1999 (a few days before the cyclone), 2002 and 2004 were used, along with 2004 digital aerial photography. A ‘common’ subset of 904 km² was selected from all images and classification was developed using ISODATA™ unsupervised classification to identify spectrally distinct areas followed by principal component analysis (PCA), vegetation indices and supervised classification. Some 12,800 ha of mangrove habitat was present before the cyclone and approximately 5700 ha (44%) was removed by it. Most mangroves lost (74%) between 1999 and 2004 were converted either to bare sediment or to live saltmarshes and this occurred mostly between 1999 and 2002. Five basic categories of damage were conspicuous from imagery and field observations, and evidence suggests that much of the loss was due to the longer term consequences of sediment deposition or smothering, rather than the immediate effects of wind or waves. Mangroves exhibited accelerated recovery between 2002 and 2004, and around 1580 ha regenerated during this time, amounting to a return of 68% of their former coverage. At this recovery rate we estimate that they should have returned to their pre-cyclone area by 2009. Over half of the saltmarsh habitats (54%) were removed by the cyclone (4060 ha) but their recovery has been far more rapid than mangroves. After 5 years, saltmarshes had returned to 87% of their previous area. The 5700 ha of mangrove habitat damaged by Cyclone Vance exceeds any anthropogenic impact that has ever taken place in Western Australia by several orders of magnitude.     

Light regime and components of turbidity in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon

The underwater light regime of a Mediterranean coastal lagoon (Albufera des Grau, Balearic Islands) was studied during four years in order to characterise the spatial and temporal variations in the light attenuation coefficient (K) and to assess the relative contribution of the different water components to total light attenuation.     

Access routes to high mountain huts facing climate-induced environmental changes and adaptive strategies in the Western Alps since the 1990s

ABSTRACT

In the European Alps, high mountain environments are subject to major impacts resulting from climate change, which strongly affect human activities such as mountaineering. The purpose of the study was to examine changes in access routes to 30 high mountain huts in the Western Alps since the 1990s. Data were derived from the use of two different methods, geo-historical studies and a questionnaire, and were used to identify both the climate-related processes affecting the climbing routes and the strategies implemented by public entities, Alpine clubs, guide companies, and hut keepers to maintain acceptable safety and technical conditions. The case studies revealed issues affecting three access routes and the results from the questionnaire showed that the main processes affecting access routes were loss of ice thickness and retreat from the front of the glaciated areas. Commonly, in situ equipment was installed to facilitate access for mountaineers and/or a part of a route was relocated to a safer area. The authors conclude that in most cases, the measures were effective but they were limited by financial, ethical and legal issues, especially in protected or classified areas that could jeopardise their durability and effectiveness.     

北太平洋冬季西部发展型天气尺度涡旋对平均流的影响

在中纬度北太平洋大气强斜压区,存在频繁的天气尺度涡旋活动,通过水分、动量和能量输送维持大气环流。为了进一步研究天气尺度涡旋发生发展与大尺度环流之间的联系,利用1981—2013年再分析资料,筛选出西部发展型天气尺度涡旋114个偏强日和87个偏弱日,给出了西部发展型天气尺度涡旋异常导致的动力和热力强迫的变化,同时从能量转换的角度分析了西部发展型天气尺度涡旋与平均流之间的相互作用,并探讨了其与西太平洋遥相关型的关系。结果表明:西部发展型天气尺度涡旋通过动力强迫和热力强迫影响平均流,其中动力强迫主要造成北太平洋中纬度上空的西风气流加速并向北移动;热力强迫的作用则是减弱中纬度大气斜压性。同时,强西部发展型天气尺度涡旋有利于西北太平洋上空对流层低层斜压有效位能向扰动动能的转化增大和扰动动能向平均流的转化增大,有利于中纬度地区对流层高层平均流向扰动动能的转化增大。此外,西部发展型天气尺度涡旋通过与平均流的作用,对维持西太平洋遥相关型的负位相有一定影响。     

中国西部活动地块运动模型的建立及其运动学分析

中国西部的青藏和新疆地区现代构造变形活动非常强烈, 业已证实该区可以进一步划分为塔里木、 阿拉善、 天山、 柴达木和西藏5个活动地块。 利用GPS观测资料得到的中国大陆地壳水平运动的速度场, 借鉴全球板块运动模型的建模方法, 将其视为刚性的地块系统, 反演得到各地块相对欧亚板块运动的欧拉矢量, 进而求得各地块两两之间相对运动的欧拉矢量, 并计算出沿地块边界的相对运动速率。 结果显示, 与地块边界上的地震滑移矢量, 由地质学资料得到的滑移速率, 以及GPS数据本身均有较好的一致性, 从而也说明了将该地区划分为若干活动地块并视为刚性地块的合理性。