Magnetostratigraphy of Palaeocene basalts from the Vaigat Formation of West Greenland

A palaeomagnetic study comprising the directional results from 289 individual lava flows, sampled along eight sections in the Palaeocene basalts of West Greenland, is reported. The eight individual sections are correlated using lithostratigraphical marker horizons to form a single composite profile. Generally, the lithological correlation is in good agreement with the record of geomagnetic secular variation.
  The total composite palaeomagnetic profile represents a stratigraphic thickness of 1.6  km through the Vaigat Formation, which is the lowermost of the two volcanic formations formed during the main stage of plateau volcanism. Only two polarity zones are found in the composite profile, suggesting a very short duration for the West Greenland main plateau-building volcanism. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dates support a high extrusion rate and also indicate that the lower normal polarity zone is Chron C27n and that the upper reverse polarity zone is Chron C26r.
  The C27n–C26r transition is fully recorded along one of the sections (Nuusap Qaqqarsua), with intermediate directions covering a 200  m thick succession of lavas. A combined palaeomagnetic, field and geochemical study along this profile showed good agreement; that is, geochemically and geologically derived single magmatic events show groupings of the palaeomagnetic directions. Supposing a duration for the geomagnetic transition of 5000 years, the eruption frequency during this period was as high as one flow every 80 years.     

同位素131Ⅰ测西台吉乃尔湖矿区含水层地质参数

盐湖区的水文地质参数特性与淡水区迥然不同。同位素示踪法可以利用西台盐湖区已有的长观井,机动灵活的随时监测含水层水文地质参数;由于介质的特殊性以及卤水性质的垂直差异性,造成水文地质参数的时空可变性;测试结果表明,对于完整井以及深的非完整井,该方法切实有效,但对于很浅的非完整井,测试结果具有很大的随机性。最后,根据测试结果以及有关的水文地质资料,把研究区分成7个渗透系数分区。     

Water content and land use history controlling soil CO2 respiration and carbon stock in savanna soil and groundnut fields in semi-arid Senegal

Decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC) regulates the partitioning between soil C-stock and release of CO₂ to the atmosphere and is vital for soil fertility. Agricultural expansion followed by decreasing amounts of SOC and soil fertility is a problem mainly seen in tropical agro-ecosystems where fertilizers are in short supply. This paper focuses on factors influencing temporal trends in soil respiration measured as CO₂ effluxes in grass savanna compared with groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) fields in the semi-arid part of Senegal in West Africa. Based on laboratory experiments, soil CO₂ production has been expressed as a function of temperature and soil water content by fit equations. Field measurements included soil CO₂ effluxes, soil temperatures and water contents. Effluxes in grass savanna and groundnut fields during the dry season were negligible, while effluxes during the rainy season were about 3–8 μmol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1, decreasing to less than 1 μmol by the end of the growing season. Annual soil CO₂ production was simulated to be in the range of 31–38 mol C m^?2. Furthermore, a controlled water addition experiment revealed the importance of rain during the dry season for the overall turnover of soil organic matter.     

川西山区的家庭农业系统

调查了川西山区家庭农业系统的类型和分布,比较分析了它们的结构特征、运行机制和运行过程。     

基于栅格的豫西山区地形起伏特征及其对人口和经济的影响

地形起伏是约束山区人口分布和经济发展的关键因素,尤其在山地平原过渡带其约束作用更为显著。以位于秦岭-黄淮平原过渡带的豫西山区为例,基于200 m分辨率DEM数据,采用均值变点法确定地形起伏度的最佳统计单元,并提取地形起伏度;以1∶10万土地利用、乡镇人口和县域各产业数据为基础,建立人口和经济空间化模型,同时生成200 m分辨率的栅格人口和经济密度图;在系统分析地形起伏度、人口和经济密度空间分布规律的基础上,借助统计分析方法基于栅格单元定量揭示了地形起伏度对人口和经济的影响,并与其他地形因子的影响进行对比分析。结果表明：① 豫西山区地形起伏度以低值为主,58.6%的区域地形起伏度小于等于0.5个基准山体的高度（相对高差≤ 250 m）;空间上呈西高东低、中间高南北低的格局,与海拔、坡度均呈较强的正相关,且与坡度的相关性更大。② 被选作验证的人口和经济数据与对应模拟值的线性拟合度分别为0.943和0.909,表明空间化结果能反映人口和经济分布的实际状况。③ 地形起伏度对人口和经济的影响强于其他地形因子的影响,与人口密度和经济密度呈较好的对数拟合关系,拟合度分别为0.911和0.874;豫西山区88.65%的人口居住在地形起伏度不超过0.5的地区,88.03%的生产总值分布在地形起伏度不超过0.3的地区。相对人口分布,研究区的经济发展向地形起伏度低值区的集聚态势更加明显。     

Global cotton and local environmental management: the political ecology of rich and poor small-hold farmers in southern Mali

This study examines the hypothesis that poor households engage in less sustainable soil management practices than rich households in a similar socioeconomic environment. This broad objective is explored in Mali's southern cotton belt through three specific research questions. First, is there empirical evidence to support the claim that poor households engage in less sustainable soil management practices than rich households? Second, what local and extra-local factors influence household agricultural management approaches in southern Mali? Third, what broader scale political and economic processes are linked to the factors that influence local-level agricultural management approaches? The author reports that soil quality measures on the farms of rich and poor households are not significantly different, refuting the conventional wisdom that the wealthy are better managers of the environment. A variety of environmentally deleterious practices are associated with export-oriented cotton production, an activity more vigorously pursued by wealthy than poor farmers. Finally, the focus on poverty in international environment and development discourse has allowed the government of Mali to avoid a serious debate on the sustainability of cotton production. The study's findings are based on household interviews describing agricultural management practices, an analysis of farm field soil measures, and discussions with donors and national policymakers.     

Disintegration of Fan Sediments in Death Valley,California, by Salt Weathering

In Death Valley, California, an area of high aridity and great salinity, alluvial fans de scend into the zone of salt accumulation. When the rounded fan gravels come into contact with salt, some of which is sodium sulfate, they are rapidly shattered and reduced in size. Silt and clay are formed by this salt weathering process and this fine material may be subject to deflation processes.     

内蒙古西鄂尔多斯国家自然保护区植被的遥感分布特征及变化探测

西鄂尔多斯自然保护区位于荒漠、半荒漠地带的中国北方生态环境脆弱带上,保护区内的植物从第三纪演化至今仍带有荒漠特有种群标记,对研究环境演化、生物多样性、全球变化等都具有重大的学术价值和诊断意义,受到国内外生物学、生态学、地理学等学科研究者的极大的关注。利用传统的研究方法和样方统计方法不仅费时、费工,而且进展缓慢,另外,很难实现对保护区植物分布规律与生境的全面了解与监测。我们利用Landsat-5、7卫星提供的1987年9月的TM和1999年8月的ETM数据,两景不同时相的数据间隔12年,分辨率为30m;1∶25万的DEM数据;地面样方统计数据等。用遥感技术对西鄂尔多斯珍稀濒危植物群落进行分布规律和变化探测的研究,可以快速、大范围、准确、实时获取资源环境状况及其变化数据,建立三维立体景观虚拟现实图,再结合野外实地考察样方统计数据的综合分析,揭示了间隔12年植被分布规律和植被覆盖动态变化情况。为合理利用这些植被资源,对受损荒漠生态系统的恢复提供了依据,同时,对于保护和改善我国荒漠地区的生活环境和探索荒漠地区可持续发展也具有重要的意义。     

阳朔“西街现象”的形成机理分析——旅游地发展中的游客理性消费与政府“无为而治”

阳朔县作为中国最早对外开放旅游的县之一,其演化历程具有独特性和典型性。在旅游参与期曾出现过一段主客关系和谐、商业秩序与休闲氛围俱佳的“西街现象”,引起媒体和业界的广泛关注,尚缺乏学术层面的解读。本文采用实证归纳的案例研究方法,借鉴旅游治理和目的地发展的相关理论,分析了“西街现象”的形成过程与内在机理,得出以下结论和启示：在旅游发展初期,信息完全的理性旅游消费者的到来,有助于规范目的地的商业经营环境。市场与社区自下而上互动协商达成共识的秩序,促成激励诚信经营的非正式制度嵌入于人际网络和旅游交易的场域之中,政府顺应市场规律即能实现“无为而治”的良性发展状态。本文通过归纳以有预算的理性游客作为市场推动力所触发的旅游地的发展特点,部分回应消费转型背景下旅游市场理性回归后的可能影响。对现实的启发是,适当控制旅游发展的速度和规模,给予本地人成长的时间和空间,教育游客与提升政府监管力度双管齐下,建立规则在先,更利于目的地实现可持续性的发展。     

西部边境旅游开发的策略研究

边境旅游是我国旅游业的一个重要组成部分,也是一种非常有潜力的旅游形式。在实施西部大开发战略的宏观背景下,加快两部边境旅游的发展,对推动西部旅游业的发展,振兴西部边境地区社会经济文化事业,促进我国的对外开放以及国际经贸合作的发展都具有重要意义。文中分析了西部边境旅游开发的优势条件,提出了西部边境旅游开发的战略措施。