天山西部中山带积雪变化趋势与气温和降水的关系——以巩乃斯河谷为例

根据位于巩乃斯河谷的天山积雪雪崩研究站近30年来的年最大雪深、月平均气温、月降水量观测记录，用平均差值法、最小二乘法、自回归滑动平均法检验了天山西部中山带积雪、冷季降水、冷季平均气温的变化趋势，结果表明，天山西部中山带积雪呈增加趋势，近30年来年平均增加1.43%，与青藏高原、南极大陆及格陵兰冰盖表面积雪积累增加相一致。天山西部中山带冷季气温和降水的变化趋势也是增加的，其中冷季降水平年平均增加0．12％，而冷季气温升高了0．8℃，积雪与冷季气温之间存在着弱的负相关关系，而与冷季降水呈显著的正相关关系。积雪的增加主要是因为气候变暖引起的冷季降水的增加对积雪增加的贡献大于由于冷季气温升高而造成积雪减少的贡献的结果。     

我国西部地区中小企业发展的环境效应及其约束-引导机制

本文从中小企业发展在我国西部开发中的作用入手 ,针对西部地区生态环境特点及其中小企业发展产生的问题 ,重点分析了中小企业发展与生态环境保护之间的关系 ,对现行的生态环境保护政策的理念进行了全新的思考。明确了促进西部中小企业发展的基本战略 ,并就西部中小企业发展过程中建立非理性作用的约束 -引导机制提出了政策建议。     

中国西部山地发展的一般模式——以天山巴音布鲁克地区为例

中国西部山区是我国的水源地及生态屏障，它们的合理开发与保护是西部大开发的基本内容。研究归纳出山地发展的“巴音布鲁克模式”：（1）天鹅及其生境的绝对保护（核心）；（2）建立可持续牧业（主体）；（3）规范和发展旅游业（突破口）；（4）西蒙古土尔扈特传统文化的保护（文化多样性）。中国西部山区的发展模式都可以概括为一个核心（自然保护）三个圈层（与当地主要土地资源相适应的主导产业，与当地特有资源相联系的新兴产业，当地民族文化保护）。这种模式能够充分体现生态优先的思想，同时考虑到促进地区新老经济及文化的发展与保护，符合西部大开发的方针。     

Use of Noise to Augment Training Data: A Neural Network Method of Mineral–Potential Mapping in Regions of Limited Known Deposit Examples

One of the main factors that affects the performance of MLP neural networks trained using the backpropagation algorithm in mineral-potential mapping isthe paucity of deposit relative to barren training patterns. To overcome this problem, random noise is added to the original training patterns in order to create additional synthetic deposit training data. Experiments on the effect of the number of deposits available for training in the Kalgoorlie Terrane orogenic gold province show that both the classification performance of a trained network and the quality of the resultant prospectivity map increasesignificantly with increased numbers of deposit patterns. Experiments are conducted to determine the optimum amount of noise using both uniform and normally distributed random noise. Through the addition of noise to the original deposit training data, the number of deposit training patterns is increased from approximately 50 to 1000. The percentage of correct classifications significantly improves for the independent test set as well as for deposit patterns in the test set. For example, using ±40% uniform random noise, the test-set classification performance increases from 67.9% and 68.0% to 72.8% and 77.1% (for test-set overall and test-set deposit patterns, respectively). Indices for the quality of the resultant prospectivity map, (i.e. D/A, D × (D/A), where D is the percentage of deposits and A is the percentage of the total area for the highest prospectivity map-class, and area under an ROC curve) also increase from 8.2, 105, 0.79 to 17.9, 226, 0.87, respectively. Increasing the size of the training-stop data set results in a further increase in classification performance to 73.5%, 77.4%, 14.7, 296, 0.87 for test-set overall and test-set deposit patterns, D/A, D × (D/A), and area under the ROC curve, respectively.     

Use of Fuzzy Membership Input Layers to Combine Subjective Geological Knowledge and Empirical Data in a Neural Network Method for Mineral-Potential Mapping

Use of GIS layers, in which the cell values represent fuzzy membership variables, is an effective method of combining subjective geological knowledge with empirical data in a neural network approach to mineral-prospectivity mapping. In this study, multilayer perceptron (MLP), neural networks are used to combine up to 17 regional exploration variables to predict the potential for orogenic gold deposits in the form of prospectivity maps in the Archean Kalgoorlie Terrane of Western Australia. Two types of fuzzy membership layers are used. In the first type of layer, the statistical relationships between known gold deposits and variables in the GIS thematic layer are used to determine fuzzy membership values. For example, GIS layers depicting solid geology and rock-type combinations of categorical data at the nearest lithological boundary for each cell are converted to fuzzy membership layers representing favorable lithologies and favorable lithological boundaries, respectively. This type of fuzzy-membership input is a useful alternative to the 1-of-N coding used for categorical inputs, particularly if there are a large number of classes. Rheological contrast at lithological boundaries is modeled using a second type of fuzzy membership layer, in which the assignment of fuzzy membership value, although based on geological field data, is subjective. The methods used here could be applied to a large range of subjective data (e.g., favorability of tectonic environment, host stratigraphy, or reactivation along major faults) currently used in regional exploration programs, but which normally would not be included as inputs in an empirical neural network approach.     

'In the shadow of hierarchy': meta-governance, policy reform and urban regeneration in the West Midlands

This paper explores the relationship between political hierarchy and the complex webs of political organization associated with urban governance. Deploying the concept of meta-governance and a study of urban policy reform in the West Midlands region of England, this paper claims that state and governmental hierarchies continue to have a crucial role in coordinating the activities of governance regimes in the UK. This paper concludes by considering the effects of hierarchical power on the systems of political participation and representation that are associated with urban governance.     

桂西岩溶堆积型铝土矿床成矿作用及控矿因素

桂西岩溶堆积型铝土矿赋存于岩溶洼地中的红土层中，具有矿床规模大、矿石质量优的特点。成矿物质来源于上二叠统底部的古风化壳型铝土矿层，成矿时代为早更新世，矿床成因与岩溶作用、红土化作用有关。成矿受矿源层、地层岩性、气候、构造、地貌等因素控制。     

青藏高原北部可可西里狮头山含硬玉岩类的基本特征及地质意义

描述了可可西里山南狮头山含硬玉岩类的岩石学、矿物学特征。含硬玉岩类的原岩为辉长岩，围岩为石炭—二叠系。由于变质作用不彻底，保留有原岩的矿物组合。典型的高压变质矿物组合为：钠长石 硬玉 霓石 蓝闪石 绿帘石 绿泥石。硬玉SiO2、FeO偏低，Al2O3、Na2O明显偏高，变质矿物组合中以富钠矿物为主，缺少石英，与国内外含硬玉岩类的原岩成分、变质矿物组合均不相同，是一种新的高压低温硬玉岩类。狮头山高压变质带向西延至若拉岗日、大横山一带，与北侧的西金乌兰—金沙江板块缝合带(西段)平行产出，以此推测缝合带南侧的羌北—昌都板块向北消减于巴颜喀拉板块之下。     

西秦岭温泉花岗岩体的新认识

温泉花岗岩体是西秦岭地区一个极具典型研究意义的复杂成因岩体和具有潜力的成矿(钼矿床)岩体。通过1：25万天水市幅区城地质调查，初步获得一些新认识：在岩体北部古坡乡-铁炉坡乡-带新发现一套蛇绿岩组合；岩体的岩石类型复杂，为一多期次侵入的复式岩体；岩体中发育大量包体，显示了岩浆混合作用的存在；另外，岩体中还发现较大体积的古老片麻岩包体和工业钼矿床。岩体主体获得259Ma的锆石U—Pb年龄。