新疆西准噶尔沙勒克腾地区花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其对后碰撞构造环境的约束

以西准噶尔白杨河上游沙勒克腾山及周缘花岗岩为研究对象,在地质调查的基础上,进行岩石学、锆石U-Pb年龄、岩石地球化学特征研究,探讨其形成时代及构造背景。西准噶尔白杨河上游沙勒克腾山及周缘花岗岩可划分为沙勒克腾、查干恩干、阿拉乔古、坦子不拉克4个序列,各序列岩石组合分别为花岗闪长斑岩、二长花岗斑岩,碱长花岗岩、正长花岗岩,闪长玢岩、闪长岩、石英闪长玢岩,二长花岗斑岩、花岗斑岩。沙勒克腾序列锆石U-Pb年龄为302.1±1.4 Ma(n=26,MSWD=1.5),形成时代为晚石炭世;具有低硅(SiO2=68.07%~70.49%)、贫碱(K2O+Na2O=7.23%~8.18%)、富铝(Al2O3=14.12%~15.69%)、富钛(TiO2含量0.43%~0.48%)、富钙(CaO含量1.71%~3.31%)特征;相对亏损Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti,富集Zr、Hf。查干恩干序列锆石U-Pb年龄为296.7±2.1 Ma(n=26,MSWD=0.41),形成时代为早二叠世早期;具有相对高硅(SiO2=74.21%~74.37%),富碱(K2O+Na2O=8.84%~9.19%)、富铝(Al2O3=12.59%~12.85%),低钛(TiO2=0.19%~0.22%)、低钙(CaO=0.64%~1.24%)特征;稀土元素含量低,亏损Sm、Tb、Y、Yb、Lu、Sr,富集Zr、Hf。沙勒克腾序列、查干恩干序列、阿拉乔古序列、坦子不拉克序列分别属于准铝质—弱过铝质高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩、准铝质碱性高分异I型花岗岩、弱过铝质碱性I型花岗岩、S型花岗岩。研究表明,白杨河上游库勒克腾山及周缘花岗岩形成于后碰撞环境挤压应力体制向伸展应力体制转换期,查干恩干序列的侵位标志着区域应力体制进入伸展阶段,进而限定研究区进入伸展应力体制的时限应不晚于296.7±2.1 Ma,为西准噶尔地区晚石炭世—早二叠世后碰撞构造研究提供了新的依据。     

大兴安岭中段塔尔气地区流纹岩年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

塔尔气地区位于大兴安岭主脊中段,晚中生代广泛发育一套玄武岩、安山岩、英安岩、流纹岩及相应火山碎屑岩的岩石组合。以流纹岩为研究对象,进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、岩石地球化学研究。测年结果显示,流纹岩形成于132±2Ma(MSWD=1.5,2σ),属早白垩世中期。岩石地球化学特征表明,流纹岩属于典型的弱过铝质高钾钙碱系列岩石,具有高硅(71.6%~77%)、富碱(Na2O+K2O=7.94%~9.64%)且富钾(K2O=4.5%~5.46%)的特征;轻、重稀土元素分馏明显,具中等Eu负异常(δEu=0.22~0.7),亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti,相对富Th、U、Zr、Hf,富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb,相对贫Ba、Sr,显示A型流纹岩特征。岩浆源区与硬质砂岩相似,具有较高的锆饱和温度,可能为地壳部分熔融的产物,形成于后碰撞伸展的大地构造环境。     

循化-化隆盆地晚白垩世以来盆山耦合过程: 来自物源与磷灰石裂变径迹年代学分析的证据

循化-化隆盆地新生代沉积及盆地基底和周缘山系磷灰石裂变径迹年代学分析揭示了青藏高原东北缘晚白垩世以来经历过3期隆升剥露事件: (1)盆地基底及拉脊山和西秦岭北缘构造带磷灰石裂变径迹年龄分析普遍记录了晚白垩世-始新世中期相对快速的区域性的隆升剥露事件, 西秦岭北缘快速抬升的起始时间为84Ma, 受控于向北的逆冲抬升; 向北到循化-化隆盆地中部的拉目峡抬升的起始时间为69Ma; 更北的拉脊山一带快速抬升期主要为40~50Ma, 从而反映晚白垩世-始新世中期的快速抬升由南向北逐渐扩展.这一期构造隆升事件导致循化-化隆盆地和临夏盆地缺失了北部西宁-民和盆地古近纪所具有的西宁群沉积.隆升剥露结束于31Ma左右, 此时化隆-循化盆地向东与同时期的临夏盆地相连为一个统一的大型西秦岭山前盆地, 两者具有相同的构造、沉积演化史, 因此循化-化隆盆地他拉组底部地层年龄最老不会超过临夏盆地最老地层的古地磁年龄, 即29Ma.(2)渐新世晚期约26Ma拉脊山开始双向逆冲隆升, 并可能延续到中新世早期约21Ma, 隆升作用使循化-化隆盆地成为挟持于拉脊山逆冲带和西秦岭构造带之间的山前挤压型前陆盆地, 循化-化隆盆地开始大规模沉积巨厚的他拉组冲积扇相粗碎屑岩.(3)通过循化-化隆盆地咸水河组和临夏组的沉积相分析、古流方向和砾石成分分析, 揭示出拉脊山构造带在中新世8Ma左右发生的最大规模的双向逆冲隆升事件, 这次事件直接导致循化-化隆盆地由前陆挤压盆地转变为山间盆地, 形成现今青藏高原东北缘的盆山地貌基本格局.      

A record of Lateglacial/Holocene environmental change from a high‐elevation site in the Intermountain West,USA

Records of past vegetation and fire history can be complicated by changes in the depositional environment of a sampling location. However, these changes can alternatively be used as a measure of climate variability. Our study site, ca. 18.0 cal. ka BP record from Little Brooklyn Lake, Wyoming, located near the crest of the Snowy Range, records three moisture states. Initially, the lake was likely a glacier‐fed pond indicated by the presence of Pediastrum algae colonies. Around 13.0 cal. ka BP this pond transitioned to a meadow environment, suggested by the loss of Pediastrum algae colonies and slow sedimentation rates. Meadow conditions were maintained until ca. 5.0 cal. ka BP when Pediastrum algae colony abundance increased,indicating the formation of a shallow lake. From 18.0 to ca. 5.0 cal. ka BP, the pollen record is suggestive of alpine vegetation conditions with relatively high spruce and herbaceous taxa. Low charcoal influx also characterizes the period between 18.0 and 5.0 cal. ka BP. After 5.0 cal. ka BP, the coincidence of the formation of shallow lake and pollen data, indicating a shift to a spruce and fir forest, suggests an increase in effective moisture. Fire remained rare in this basin over the entire record, however, once the lake established sedimentation rates and charcoal influx increased. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

东昆仑东段哈日扎地区含矿斑岩特征及找矿潜力分析

东昆仑东段都兰哈日扎地区出露比较典型的燕山期花岗闪长斑岩,斑岩体以少暗色矿物、多巨斑、石英斑晶具熔蚀现象、普遍见孔雀石化和地表"火烧皮"为特征。斑岩形成于后碰撞伸展构造环境,是加厚陆壳背景环境下的底侵、拆沉构造作用的结果。斑岩具全岩铜矿化特征,属于大陆环境下的斑岩型矿床。从其成矿地质特征、地球物理、地球化学特征和斑岩体深部矿化特征综合分析,该区具有寻找斑岩型铜矿的巨大潜力。     

Paleozoic tectonism on the East Gondwana margin: Evidence from SHRIMP U–Pb zircon geochronology of a migmatite–granite complex in West Antarctica

The Fosdick Mountains migmatite–granite complex in West Antarctica records episodes of crustal melting and plutonism in Devonian–Carboniferous time that acted to transform transitional crust, dominated by immature oceanic turbidites of the accretionary margin of East Gondwana, into stable continental crust. West Antarctica, New Zealand and Australia originated as contiguous parts of this margin, according to plate reconstructions, however, detailed correlations are uncertain due to a lack of isotopic and geochronological data. Our study of the mid-crustal exposures of the Fosdick range uses U–Pb SHRIMP zircon geochronology to examine the tectonic environment and timing for Paleozoic magmatism in West Antarctica, and to assess a correlation with the better known Lachlan Orogen of eastern Australia and Western Province of New Zealand.NNE–SSW to NE–SW contraction occurred in West Antarctica in early Paleozoic time, and is expressed by km-scale folds developed both in lower crustal metasedimentary migmatite gneisses of the Fosdick Mountains and in low greenschist-grade turbidite successions of the upper crust, present in neighboring ranges. The metasedimentary rocks and structures were intruded by calc-alkaline, I-type plutons attributed to arc magmatism along the convergent East Gondwana margin. Within the Fosdick Mountains, the intrusions form a layered plutonic complex at lower structural levels and discrete plutons at upper levels. Dilational structures that host anatectic granite overprint plutonic layering and migmatitic foliation. They exhibit systematic geometries indicative of NNE–SSW stretching, parallel to a first-generation mineral lineation. New U–Pb SHRIMP zircon ages for granodiorite and porphyritic monzogranite plutons, and for leucogranites that occupy shear bands and other mesoscopic-scale structural sites, define an interval of 370 to 355 Ma for plutonism and migmatization.Paleozoic plutonism in West Antarctica postdates magmatism in the western Lachlan Orogen of Australia, but it coincides with that in the central part of the Lachlan Orogen and with the rapid main phase of emplacement of the Karamea Batholith of the Western Province, New Zealand. Emplaced within a 15 to 20 million year interval, the Paleozoic granitoids of the Fosdick Mountains are a product of subduction-related plutonism associated with high temperature metamorphism and crustal melting. The presence of anatectic granites within extensional structures is a possible indication of alternating strain states (‘tectonic switching’) in a supra-subduction zone setting characterized by thin crust and high heat flow along the Devonian–Carboniferous accretionary margin of East Gondwana.     

Computer simulation of Neocomian clinoform reservoirs in northern and arctic West Siberia

Neocomian reservoirs in the Mesozoic sedimentary cover of West Siberia have a complex geological structure. Their wedge-like (clinoform) geometry, with abrupt thickness changes and facies diversity (continental, shoreface, and pelagic deposits), causes difficulty in correlation between drilling- and seismics-based sand formations and clay caps. East-wedging (west-dipping) clinoforms consisting of interbedded clay and sand have the greatest reservoir potential in the West Siberian basin. Prediction of new oil and gas plays and their reservoir potential assessment require regional reconstructions in addition to local contour maps of individual zones and fields. However, the simulation technology which has been applied for years to Jurassic regional reservoirs is not fully applicable to the Neocomian clinoform sequences. Therefore we have adapted it correspondingly and suggest new tools to make due regard for the clinoform reservoir structure. The new approach has been tested through computing several structure and thickness contour maps of clinoform sequences for three largest regional Neocomian reservoirs (sub-Sarman, sub-Pim, and sub-Alymka) in northern and arctic West Siberia.     

‘Boundary’ in Ancient Persian Tradition of Statehood

It is universally accepted that the need for defining precise lines of separation and points of contacts between states is the byproduct of the emergence of nation-states and ‘world economy’ in the 19th century Europe. Nevertheless, it is hard to overlook the fact that these modern notions are rooted in periods prior to the emergence in Europe of nation-states. There are indications that ancient civilizations were familiar with the notion of ‘state’ in connection with the concepts of territory and boundary. Ancient texts reveal that this basic principle existed in ancient Persian literature in respect of matters of state, territory, and boundary. Similarly, the likelihood exists that these Persian notions could have influenced Roman civilization. It is widely believed that a combination of ancient Greco-Roman and Persian civilizations is a major contributor to what culturally constitutes ‘West’. Later in the Sassanid period the inter-linked notions of state, territory, and boundary developed substantially, coming quite close to their contemporary forms. On the other hand, considering that ‘justice’ was the corner stone of ancient Persian Political philosophy, the idea that ancient Persian spatial arrangement might have contributed to the evolution of the concept of democracy in the West may not be too difficult to contemplate.     

最优化的矿物扩散地质速率计:北大别黄土岭麻粒岩缓慢冷却的证据

对北大别黄土岭麻粒岩中石榴子石进行了详细的电子探针工作，并根据一颗石榴子石的成分环带，建立了扩散模型并进行了数值模拟，结合最优化的方法，得到了极其缓慢的冷却速率0.1℃/a。从扩散动力学数值模拟的角度对大别山造山带的冷却速率进行了探索性研究。该结果表明，黄土岭麻粒岩在受麻粒岩相改造后经历的是一个极其缓慢、持续时间很长的冷却过程。     

东昆仑西端布喀达坂峰地区二叠纪孢粉型化石的发现

在东昆仑西端布喀达坂峰地区二叠纪地层中首次发现陆相孢粉与海相疑源类化石一起保存的孢粉—疑源类化石组合。经对两个样品较为丰富的孢粉型化石研究后发现,上部组合以裸子植物花粉占优势,双囊无肋花粉最多,可与塔里木盆地的卡伦达尔组的孢粉组合做粗略的比较,但组合中出现了时代偏晚的Ephedripites及Taeniae-sporites,因此,研究区马尔争组中段复理石地层的时代当为中二叠世—晚二叠世。