贵州松林下寒武统牛蹄塘生物群中的球状海绵化石

贵州遵义松林牛蹄塘生物群含球形海绵2个属,即麦粒海绵Triticispongia（Mehl et Reitner）,1993和鬃毛状海绵Saetaspongia（Mehi et Reitner）,1993。描述了产自松林中南村黑沙坡牛蹄塘组下部的牛蹄塘生物群中球状海绵化石的2个种,即Triticispongia diagonata（Mehl et Reitner）,1993及Saetaspongia derma（Mehl et Reitiner）,1993,丰富了这两属种的特征和分布资料。     

凯里生物群中始海百合类形态功能、生态及埋藏特征初探

贵州剑河八郎中寒武世凯里生物群中始海百合十分丰富,化石标本多达1万多件,分属长茎型的卢氏中国始海百合（Sinoeocrinus Zhao, Huang et Gong,1994）及短茎型的球形中国始海百合（Sinoeocrinus globus Zhao et al, 1999）。它们均具有腕枝、萼、茎及吸盘,少数标本见有肛锥。幼年体缝孔不发育,成年体具有较发育的缝孔。大部分个体为单体生活。短茎型的萼呈球形,茎短,吸盘大,常固着在腕足动物外壳及三叶虫背壳碎片上。长茎的萼呈长椭圆球形茎长,吸盘小,常固着在砂泥质海底。两个种的腕肢也有差别,长茎的直长,短茎的旋转生长,显示两个种的形态差别及多样性。由于始海百合死亡后迅速被掩埋,80%以上的个体保存完整。化石大部分保存无定向性,显示静水环境,海底紊流很少,不仅显示原地埋藏特征,也为凯里生物群是原地埋藏提供了重要证据。     

晚中生代中国东部高原北界探讨

中国东部高原的界线主要是依据埃达克岩的分布确定的。现已知道,高原最北部的中生代埃达克岩主要分布在辽西-冀北-内蒙古南部一带。该区可靠的埃达克岩仅发育在晚侏罗世或早白垩世的早期(如132±5Ma的安家营子花岗岩)。现有资料表明,大致以赤峰-开原断裂为界,埃达克岩分布于其南,其北为非埃达克岩分布区,暗示中国东部高原的北界大体沿赤峰-开原一带分布,代表的是侏罗纪时期的高原边界。辽西义县组地层位于高原范围内,众所周知,义县组第2段(124～127Ma)是热河生物群集中发育的阶段,说明当时的气候温湿、植物繁茂、水草丰盛、地势低洼、湖沼发育,不大可能为动植物贫瘠的高寒山区。义县组火山岩的研究表明,早白垩世(135～120Ma)的义县组主要由玄武岩和赞岐岩(高镁安山岩)组成,并非埃达克岩。因此,至少在127Ma左右,在热河生物群分布的地区,已经不存在高原了,高原的界线南移了,可能移到热河生物群发育区之南的宣化-滦平-锦州一线,其南仍然处于高原环境。高原抬升的直接结果是导致同时代沉积物的缺少,或有一些沉积盆地发育,但是厚度很薄。在中-晚侏罗世时,高原上的沉积盆地很少,且缺失上白垩统地层,总体上反映高原处于抬升状态。高原北缘和西北缘早白垩世冰筏和冰川泥石流沉积的出现,暗示高原的北缘可能具有相当的高度,可能类似现今的喜马拉雅山。该区中生代构造特征表明,该区侏罗纪和早白垩世的构造特点有着巨大的差异:侏罗纪,尤其是晚侏罗世末期以南北向的挤压构造为主,而早白垩世中期以后演变为以伸展构造为特征,古地理古环境明显改变。研究表明,中国东部中生代埃达克岩形成的时限大致限定了高原的起始和消亡时间。据最近几年发表的资料,埃达克岩的时代大体限定在170～120Ma之间,表明中国东部高原在170Ma之前开始出现,大约在晚侏罗世达到顶峰,在早白垩世中期(120Ma)以后消失。辽西-冀北的构造、地层和火山岩资料表明,侏罗纪时期本区属于挤压构造环境,高原处于抬升状态;至早白垩世(大体从127Ma左右开始)转变为伸展构造背景,含有丰富热河生物群的阜新-义县-朝阳-丰宁一带已经沉陷,暗示中国东部高原的垮塌可能先从北缘开始,至120Ma左右,高原才整体垮塌。     

山东省青岛市灵山岛下白垩统中发现鱼类和叶肢介化石

山东省青岛市灵山岛下白垩统沉积岩地层首次发现鱼类和叶肢介化石。鱼类化石为Lecoptera sinensis Woodward(中华狼鳍鱼);叶肢介化石为Yanjiestheria Chen(延吉叶肢介属),分为4个种。该鱼化石属于热河生物群的典型分子,和该叶肢介属在胶莱盆地中广泛分布,属于早白垩世陆相河湖动物群。两类化石同层保存,化石保存完整,属于原地埋藏,所以含这些化石的地层应属于陆相沉积,而与海相沉积关系不大。这套地层因岩性和沉积环境与胶莱盆地南部地区的莱阳群法家茔组(K_1f)非常接近,建议使用法家茔组之名,而不使用因被认为是海相浊流沉积而命名的"灵山岛组"。     

Trace organic contamination in biota collected from the Pearl River Estuary, China: a preliminary risk assessment

The marine ecosystem of the Pearl River Delta, located on the southern coast of China, has been heavily exploited following the rapid economic growth that has occurred since the 1980s. This investigation aimed to elucidate trace organic contamination in marine biota inhabiting the Pearl River Delta area. Biota samples, including green-lipped mussels (Perna viridis), oysters (Crassostrea rivularis) and shrimp (Penaeus orientalis) were sampled from 16 stations fringing the Estuary. Elevated concentrations (on a dry weight basis) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (27.8–1041.0 ng/g), petroleum hydrocarbons (1.7–2345.4 μg/g), polychlorinated biphenyls (2.1–108.8 ng/g), DDTs (1.9–79.0 ng/g), and hexachlorocyclohexanes (n.d.–38.4 ng/g) were recorded. A human health risk assessment was conducted to estimate the risk to local residents associated with the consumption of biota collected from the Pearl River Estuary. The results indicated that PCBs were at levels that may cause deleterious health effects in populations that consume large amounts of seafood. However, it would be instructive to establish health criteria for trace organic contaminants that are specific to the local populations, in order to derive a more accurate and relevant health risk assessment.     

Kaili Biota: A Taphonomic Window on Diversification of Metazoans from the Basal Middle Cambrian: Guizhou, China

1 Introduction The Burgess Shale Biota was discovered in the Cambrian strata of western Canada by American paleontologist C. D. Walcott in 1909 (Walcott, 1911). The fauna contains more than 140 metazoan genera (Robison, 1991, Briggs et al., 1994), with a preservational range from hard skeletal parts, non-mineralized remains and internal soft-tissue and soft-body remains. Following that discovery up to 40 similar taphonomic locations have been found globally in Lower and Middle Cambrian …     

辽西地区早白垩世义县组大康堡层沉积特征及沉积环境演化

辽西义县盆地下白垩统义县组大康堡沉积层分布范围广,为"热河生物群"的重要产出层位。通过对王家沟西山典型剖面的沉积学研究,识别出11种岩相类型,包括基质支撑砾岩相、凝灰质中-粗粒砂岩相、平行层理中-细砂岩相等,并将该时期的湖泊沉积划分为滨浅湖和深-半深湖环境。分析大康堡层垂向序列特征及纹泥特征,将该时期的湖泊演化划分为4个阶段:早期浅水湖泊沉积,见大量浅水生物化石;中期深-半深湖沉积,处于相对封闭-半封闭的状态,盐度增加;晚期湖泊水体变浅,水文动力条件增强,盐度降低;末期深-半深湖环境,纹泥指示陆源碎屑供给极少,降水较少。湖泊的演化过程受古气候控制明显。     

Solenites (Czekanowskiales) from the Late Mesozoic Jehol Biota of Southeastern Jilin, China and its Paleoclimatic Implications

Situated at the easternmost area of the Late Mesozoic Jehol Biota, China, abundant fossils, including invertebrates, vertebrates and plants, were collected from the Early Cretaceous Yingzuilazi Formation of the Baishan Basin, southeastern Jilin. The faunal remains from this formation distinctly belong to the Early Cretaceous Lycoptera–Ephemeropsis–Eosestheria assemblage of the Jehol Biota. Based on the gross leaf morphology and epidermal structures, two new species and one indeterminate species of genus Solenites(Czekanowskiales), S. baishanensis sp. nov., S. gracilis sp. nov. and S. sp. are described in this paper. This is the first fossil plant of Czekanowskiales reported from this new fossil locality of the easternmost area of the Late Mesozoic Jehol Biota, China. The new discovery contributes to improve our knowledge for understanding of leaf morphology, epidermal characters and diversity of this genus during the Early Cretaceous time, and extends geologic and geographic distribution of Solenites in northern China and Eurasia. Along with consideration of associated plant and faunal assemblages and sedimentology, we suggest that the regional climate was warm and moderately humid with seasonal temperature and precipitation variations in warm–temperate zone during the Early Cretaceous.     

辽西义县组基性、中基性火山岩内沉凝灰岩层的发现及其意义

义县组岩性以基性、中基性火山岩、火山碎屑岩为主，局部发育有富含“热河生物群”化石的沉积层。在这些沉积层之下、义县组复成分底砾岩之上，发现有 4个沉凝灰岩层，与基性、中基性火山岩呈互层状产出，其岩性以沉凝灰岩或含砾凝灰质粉砂岩为主。这些凝灰岩层厚度虽小，但分布较广泛，走向延伸稳定。根据辽西地区中生代火山岩活动的基本规律，沉凝灰岩层与基性、中基性火山岩的空间展布特征及野外地质综合研究将义县组早期火山活动划分出 5个火山作用旋回，并确认四合屯、黄半吉沟、尖山沟、以及上园、大康堡、河夹心等地富含“热河生物群”化石的沉积层均属于同一火山旋回（第五旋回）的产物。这一发现极大地丰富了辽西地区中生代陆相盆地火山—沉积作用的研究内容，并将促进火山活动与生物灭绝事件方面的研究工作。     

辽西热河生物群演化的主要地质背景

本文结合近年来辽宁省化石资源调查成果,对辽西热河生物群的分布和组成进行了总结,进一步明确了以辽西各主要盆地化石群为代表的相对连续的化石群序列; 运用宏观进化理论和地理隔离等观点分析了辽西热河生物群脊椎动物的演化,并对其主要地质背景进行了总结。对辽西热河生物群脊椎动物的演化,可识别出辐射、趋同和复式进化等类型; 在义县组阶段存在着由于地理隔离而发生的成种事件,九佛堂组阶段翼龙和鸟类的辐射可能与由于食性分化而导致的生态隔离有关; 热河生物群的演替很可能是打破地理隔离后部分物种的绝灭、一些本地起源物种的向外迁移和外来物种的侵入、部分类群的辐射和复式进化共同作用的结果,与其所处的主要地质背景在时空上协同一致。综合分析认为,义县组火山岩已经“穿时”,在其晚期火山活动初始,已进入九佛堂组阶段。