菲尔德斯半岛潮间带生态系统中的食物网

菲尔德斯半岛潮间带食物链是较简单的 ,一般说来在不利环境条件下的生物群落只有很少的消费者和较少的营养级。食物链中主要的生产者是大型底栖藻类 ,主要消费者是腹足类和石鳖 ,棘皮动物中的海胆与海星 ,甲壳动物 ,鱼和海鸟 ,海鸟和鱼占营养级的上层 ,草食软体动物位于中间营养级 ,大量的固着藻类 -叶状藻类、皮壳状藻类构成营养级的底层。观测实验表明 :(1 )海鸟和鱼类减少了草食性软体动物和肉食性螺类的数量 ;(2 )肉食性腹足类减少了草食性软体动物和固着无脊椎动物的数量 ;(3 )草食性软体动物减少了叶状藻类的数量并影响到皮壳状藻类的数量 ,在不清除消费者的实验中 ,皮壳状藻类显示出与其它固着生物竞争空间的优势。作者观察了并在本文中描述了异性底质与消费者对固着生物多样性的影响。壳状藻类在低潮带岩石表面占优势 ,其它的固着生物 (叶状藻类与固着无脊椎动物 )占据洞穴和狭缝。同质岩石表面固着生物的种类与数量低于异质性的岩石表面。清除岩石表面的消费者后叶状藻类与其它固着无脊椎动物的种数就超过皮壳状藻类     

用Lagrange函数平均法研究非均匀基流中的地形Rossby波

本文提出可以用平均限制性变分原理来研究非均匀基流中地形对Rossby波的影响。所得到的结果与用多重尺度法相一致,但却避免了多重尺度法中的冗繁运算,而且物理意义更加清楚,诸如波作用量密度、波能密度等物理量的定义也更自然、合理。     

STOCHASTIC THEORY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF SEDIMENT PARTICLES SUSPENDED IN A TURBULENT FLOW

The random motion of sediment particles suspended in a turbulent flow is studied by means of stochastic process. Results of analysis of particle's frequency response to the random force exerted on the particle due to fluid turbulence suggest that only the lower part of the whole frequency range of the eddy motion will govern the motion of the particle. The mean values of particle velocity and displacement in the vertical direc- tion are calculated and it is found that particle velocity vp- can be decomposed into a mean motion and a velocity fluctuation vp- , where is equal to the fall velocity in tranquil fluid. An Ito^ random differential equation for particle dis- placement Yp is developed, from which a Fokker-Planck equation for the probability density function p(y,t) is derived on the basis of the theory of Markov process, where y denotes the vertical coordinate. The vertical distribution of the particle is thus interrelated to the random motion of the particle. The an effect that a particle will be subject to in the neighborhood or the bottom boundary is taken into consideration and a corresponding Fokker-Planck equation is developed. Analytical solution of the Fok- ker-Planck equation including the lift force effect shows that probability density p(y,t) for the particle displacement has a maximum value at y = H where the perpen- dicular component of the lift force balances the particle gravity. This theoretical result agrees with experimental observations as reported in literature.     

The experimental study of parameters of rocks under ultrahigh-pressure state

The parameters of rocks in ultrahigh-presure state are very important to understanding the geodynamics and explosion engineering of rocks. In these experiments the plane wave dynamite lenses were used to drive the flying plates. The flying plate hits the target and produces the ultrahigh-pressure shock wave. The propagation velocity and the particle velocity of shock wave in rock samples were measured by probes, and the relation between density of rocks and pressure was obtained by Rankine-Hugoniot formulas. The maximum pressure in experiments was higher than 70 GPa. The ultrahigh-pressure state formulas obtained are: Limestoneρ=3.22+0.016p; Graniteρ=3.20+0.024p. In which the unit for ρ is g/cm³, the unit forp is GPa. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 96–103, 1991.     

重磁联合广义反演磁、密度界面

本文利用广义线性反演技术,讨论了综合重磁两种地球物理资料集,联合反演磁、密度界面的方法及效果,所做的模型实验证明了重磁联合反演方法在削减解的非唯一性,提高解的可信度方面,是一种有前途的综合反演方法。     

多级判别在地震综合预报中的应用

本文阐述了多级判别在地震综合预报中应用的必要性,给出该数学方法的推导过程,并且以云南多震区——滇西南地震区为例进行实际判别计算,在所计算的工6个震例中其拟合预报准确率在80％以上;对1987年11月25日讯沧外.2级地震实际预报取得较好的效果。     

Solution of the Inverse Problem of Gravimetry for a Spherical Planetary Body Using the Decomposition of the Interior Potential into a Series of Polyharmonic Functions

The interior potential of a spherical planetary body (and the corresponding density distribution) is expressed as the sum of two parts, the first given uniquely by the external gravity field and the surface density and the second depending on an arbitrary function. The first part of the potential (density distribution) is shown to be a 3-harmonic (biharmonic) function, while the second part can be expressed as a series whose i-th term (for i 0) is an (i + 4)-harmonic ((i + 3)-harmonic) function. From this general solution a single solution is then chosen: this is done by imposing certain natural conditions on it, among others that this particular solution is an n-harmonic function for n as small as possible. The paper explains shortly this method of solving the inverse problem of gravimetry; details are presented in Pohánka (1993).     

Rupture process of the 19 August 1992 Susamyr, Kyrgyzstan, earthquake

The Susamyr earthquake of August 19, 1992 in Kyrgyzstan is one of the largest events (M_s = 7.4, M_b = 6.8) of this century in this region of Central Asia. We used broadband and long period digital data from IRIS and GEOSCOPE networks to investigate the source parameters, and their space-time distribution by modeling both body and surface waves. The seismic moment (M₀ = 6.8 × 10¹⁹ N m) and the focal mechanism were determined from frequency-time analysis (FTAN) of the fundamental mode of long period surface waves (100–250 s). Then, the second order integral moments of the moment-rate release were estimated from the amplitude spectra of intermediate period surface waves(40–70 s). From these moments we determined a source duration of 11–13 s, major and minor axes of the source of 30 km and 10–22 km, respectively; and an instant centroid velocity of 1.2 km/s. Finally, we performed a waveform inversion of P and SH waves at periods from 5–60 s. We found a source duration of 18–20 s, longer than the integral estimate from surface wave amplitudes. All the other focal parameters inverted from body waves are similar to those obtained by surface waves ( = 87° ± 6°, = 49° ± 6°, = 105° ± 3°, h = 14 ± 2 km, and M₀ = 5.8 ± 0.7 × 10¹⁹ N m). The initial rupture of this shallow earthquake was located at the south-west border of Susamyr depression in the western part of northern Tien Shan. A finite source analysis along the strike suggests a westward propagation of the rupture. The main shock of this event was preceded 2 s earlier by small foreshock. The main event was almost immediately followed by a very strong series of aftershocks. Our surface and body wave inversion results agree with the general seismotectonic features of the region.     

Morphological expression of bedforms formed by supercritical sediment density flows on four fjord‐lake deltas of the south‐eastern Canadian Shield (Eastern Canada)

High‐resolution swath bathymetry data collected in fjord‐lakes Pentecôte, Walker and Pasteur (eastern Québec, Canada) allowed imaging in great detail the deltas of four rivers in order to understand the factors controlling the formation and downslope evolution of bedforms present on their slopes. The morphometry and morphology of 199 bedforms reflect the behaviour of sediment density flows. The shape of the bedforms, mostly crescentic, and the relationships between their morphological properties indicate that they were formed by supercritical density flows and that they are cyclic steps. The crescentic shape suggests an upslope migration while the aspect ratios and increasing wavelengths with distance from the shore (and decreasing slopes) are compatible with a cyclic step origin. At the rollover point, the acceleration of the density flows on steep slopes produces tightly spaced hydraulic jumps and favours short wavelength and symmetrical bedforms. Further downslope, decreasing slopes and increasing specific discharge increase the wavelength and asymmetry of the bedforms. The wavelength and asymmetry are increased because density flows require longer distances to become supercritical again on lower slopes after each successive hydraulic jump. Bedform morphometry and morphology are used to reconstruct density flow behaviour downslope. Froude numbers are high near the rollover point and gradually decrease downslope as the slope becomes gentler. Conversely, the specific discharge and flow depth are low near the rollover point and gradually increase downslope as the flow either erodes sediments or becomes more dilute due to sediment deposition and water entrainment. The supercritical density flows are believed to be triggered mainly by hyperpycnal flows but some evidence of delta‐front slope failures is also observed. The differences in delta morphology and bedform development between the four deltas are linked to basin morphology and watershed hydrology, but also mainly to the fjord heritage of the lakes that allowed the focusing of sediment at the delta front.