中国东北地区重污染事件气溶胶浓度变化与天气形势分析

近年来中国东北地区污染事件频发,为揭示该地区重污染天气分布特征,利用2014—2017年中国东北地区40个城市空气质量数据及对应的高低空天气形势资料,统计分析得到中国东北地区大气污染状况的变化特征以及区域重污染事件的天气学特征。结果表明：2015—2017年中国东北地区PM_2.5和PM₁₀年平均质量浓度呈下降趋势,其中PM_2.5年平均质量浓度下降的更快,PM_2.5最大值出现在辽宁和吉林中部地区约为90—100 μg·m^-3,SO₂年平均质量浓度较高值分布在辽宁西部地区约为50 μg·m^-3,而NO₂最大值出现在沈阳—长春—哈尔滨一带,约为45 μg·m^-3,CO质量浓度最大值分布在东北沿海地区约为1.6 mg·m^-3,相反中国东北地区O₃年平均质量浓度呈上升趋势,最大值出现在沿海的大连及营口等地,约为100 μg·m^-3。污染物浓度变化具有鲜明的季节变化特征,不同地区PM_2.5和PM₁₀与AQI最大值均出现在冬季,SO₂冬季质量浓度最大值出现在沈阳（180 μg·m^-3）,NO₂与CO冬季最大值出现在哈尔滨（80 μg·m^-3,1.8 mg·m^-3）。相反,O₃最大值出现在夏季沈阳地区约为140—150 μg·m^-3。重度污染级别（200 μg·m^-3≤PM_2.5 < 300 μg·m^-3）和严重污染级别（PM_2.5>300 μg·m^-3）的空气质量表现出以哈尔滨为中心,向周围迅速减少,辽宁中部又略有增加的特征;中度污染（150 μg·m^-3≤PM_2.5 < 200 μg·m^-3）的天数沈阳>哈尔滨>长春,轻度污染（100 μg·m^-3≤PM_2.5 < 150 μg·m^-3）的天数是沈阳>长春>哈尔滨。引发中国东北地区重污染的天气形势大致可分为高压型,低压型和北高南低型3种,出现比例分别为62%、27%和11%;高压型850 hPa高压脊东移经过中国东北地区,地面处于高压南部或弱高压中心,有时在黑龙江北部或辽宁西南部连续有弱小的低压生成并快速东移过境;低压型850 hPa低压系统发展并东移经过中国东北地区,地面处于低压后弱高压中;北高南低型850 hPa和地面中国东北地区受北面高压和南面低压的共同影响。     

我国主要地形上空理想定常流的流域分界分析

本文根据旋转层结流体过山的基本理论,从总体上对影响我国天气、气候形成和发展的主要地形进行了动力学分析,定性地给出了中纬度典型的东西、南北向气流过我国主要地形的整体特征：以绕流还是爬流为主以及地形流动的准地转动力学性质.结果表明我国地形大致可以分成三类：第一类是以爬流为主,满足准地转平衡动力学;第二类是以爬流为主,不满足准地转平衡动力学;第三类以绕流为主,不满足准地转动力学平衡.具体地形流动的整体特征取决于地形特征尺度、过山气流方向、地形高度以及地形的几何形状等.数值模拟的验证结果表明定性分析是可信的.     

我国水电厂水情自动测报系统建设与运行

对我国水电厂水情自动测报系统(以下简称测报系统)的建设和运行情况进行了比较全面的论述和分析。对测报系统的运行指标进行了量化统计分析,总结了测报系统在防洪和发电中所发挥的效益,提出了存在的问题和今后工作的建议。     

Regime of subsurface water resources in shallow groundwater agricultural fields

l introductionYucheng area is located in the downstream alluvial plain of the Yellow hiver in Shandong provillce,Nortll China. bouenced by the conhnenlal monsoon clllnate in wann tCmperate zone, fainfall isdistributed very unevenly in bine. AVerage annual precipitation amounts to 600 ~ with 70%concentrahng from June to September The mother material of soil is conStituted by river alluvium andmainly consistS of mealy sand and light loam. Vadose zone consistS of mealy san4 its dry bulk densi…     

A framework for assessing flow regime alterations resulting from the effects of climate change and human disturbance

Flow regimes have been severely altered by climate change and human activities in recent decades, which has led to ecological degradation in rivers. This study proposes an analogy analysis-based framework, coupled with the Pettitt test, the indicators of hydrological alteration and the range of variation approach, which were used to distinguish the different effects. This framework was applied to the Sha River, a typical river in North China, to test its effectiveness. The results show that: (i) human disturbance had larger effects on pre-flood flow magnitude, the timing, frequency and duration of high and low pulse, and the flow change rate; (ii) climate change mainly influences the magnitude of flood and post-flood flows, and of extreme events; and (iii) the probability of high alteration from the target frequency increased by 69.7% due to the combined impacts. These results can provide valuable references for water resource and aquatic ecosystem management.     

Changes in the radial growth of trees in relation to biogeomorphic processes in an old-growth forest on flysch,Czechia

Tree radial growth is influenced by individual tree abilities, climate, competition, disturbance regimes, as well as biogeomorphic processes – including biomechanical interactions between trees and soil. Trees are actively involved in hillslope dynamics, both responding to and affecting many (bio)geomorphic processes. Using dendrochronology, we studied feedbacks associated with tree–soil–landscape formation, specifically relationships between hillslope processes, biomechanical effects of trees in soils, tree microhabitat conditions and their morphological adaptations, in the flysch zone of the Carpathians. We visually evaluated stem shape, microhabitat conditions and the biomechanical effects of 1663 trees. Cores were taken in four growing directions from 224 individuals of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). In a set of 193 cross-dated beeches, average tree-ring widths and tree eccentricities in all directions were calculated and analysed in relation to the biogeomorphic impacts of trees. Some significant drivers of tree radial growth and sources of stem eccentricity were detected. The radial growth of trees on which deadwood was leaning was markedly limited. In contrast, trees with exposed roots expressed the highest growth rates. This clearly suggests that root exposure may not be an effect of ‘exogenous’ soil creep, but may rather result from individually intensifying tree growth due to fine-scale disturbance dynamics. The response of biomechanical tree–soil interactions in tree radial growth weakened with increasing stem diameter, reflecting the stabilizing role of larger trees. The significance of calendar year on radial growth suggests seasonality in the dynamic component of soil creep. Tree eccentricity was observed mainly in the downslope direction, which suggests a relatively complex effect of biomechanics on stem tilting. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ice cap erosion patterns from bedrock 10Be and 26Al,southeastern Tibetan Plateau

Quantifying glacial erosion contributes to our understanding of landscape evolution and topographic relief production in high altitude and high latitude areas. Combining in situ ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al analysis of bedrock, boulder, and river sand samples, geomorphological mapping, and field investigations, we examine glacial erosion patterns of former ice caps in the Shaluli Shan of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. The general landform pattern shows a zonal pattern of landscape modification produced by ice caps of up to 4000 km² during pre-LGM (Last Glacial Maximum) glaciations, while the dating results and landforms on the plateau surface imply that the LGM ice cap further modified the scoured terrain into different zones. Modeled glacial erosion depth of 0–0.38 m per 100 ka bedrock sample located close to the western margin of the LGM ice cap, indicates limited erosion prior to LGM and Late Glacial moraine deposition. A strong erosion zone exists proximal to the LGM ice cap marginal zone, indicated by modeled glacial erosion depth >2.23 m per 100 ka from bedrock samples. Modeled glacial erosion depths of 0–1.77 m per 100 ka from samples collected along the edge of a central upland, confirm the presence of a zone of intermediate erosion in-between the central upland and the strong erosion zone. Significant nuclide inheritance in river sand samples from basins on the scoured plateau surface also indicate restricted glacial erosion during the last glaciation. Our study, for the first time, shows clear evidence for preservation of glacial landforms formed during previous glaciations under non-erosive ice on the Tibetan Plateau. As patterns of glacial erosion intensity are largely driven by the basal thermal regime, our results confirm earlier inferences from geomorphology for a concentric basal thermal pattern for the Haizishan ice cap during the LGM. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

福建测震台网震情值班信息管理系统设计与实现

采用C/S架构,系统开发语言为Visual Basic 6.0,数据库为Sql Server,设计开发了震情值班信息管理系统,并应用于震情值班的日常工作中.实际应用表明,该系统提高了日常工作效率,有效推进了震情值班的管理工作.     

枝角类亚化石揭示的湖北太白湖过去百余年环境演变

近百年来长江中下游地区的浅水湖泊经历了气候变化及日益增强的人类扰动,造成了普遍的湖泊富营养化、水动力条件和水生生态系统的状态转变,水体的生态服务功能明显退化.枝角类作为一种重要的水生生物,敏感地响应于湖泊及其流域的环境变化,但目前对亚热带湖泊中的枝角类亚化石的环境指示意义,与其它古生态指标如硅藻、摇蚊等对环境变化的响应差异尚未明确.因此,本文以浅水湖泊太白湖为研究对象,结合流域历史资料和监测数据,基于沉积岩芯中枝角类群落过去百年来的期演化序列,重建了近百年来太白湖的历史环境演变过程及机制.对比硅藻及摇蚊的群落演化特征,探讨了多门类古生态指标对环境变化的响应差异.本文重点讨论了枝角类对湖泊鱼类产量指示意义及利用枝角类亚化石来重建历史环境的应用前景及不足.     

华北克拉通中东部新太古代晚期变质火山岩及动力学体制

热状态和壳幔岩浆作用是理解早期地壳形成演化动力学机制的关键.华北克拉通是世界范围内为数不多的保存有大量新太古代晚期(约26～25亿年)变质火山岩记录的克拉通之一,对揭示全球新太古代晚期壳-幔动力学演化过程具有重要的指示意义.在我们研究组近期关于华北克拉通中东部中新太古代热状态和地壳厚度研究基础上,本文收集并整理了726...