包头地区二次大雪过程的成因分析

文章应用常规资料,从天气环流形势演变、物理量等方面,对2000年1月10—11日包头地区普降大雪过程作了客观的分析,揭示了大雪过程的发生、发展机制,对今后分析大雪过程具有一定指导意义。     

山东省远距离热带气旋暴雨研究

应用1971-2003年的山东降水资料、常规天气图资料、台风年签和NCEP资料,对在华南沿海登陆和活动的热带气旋在山东造成远距离暴雨的气候特征进行统计分析,对环流形势场进行合成分析.建立了山东省远距离热带气旋暴雨的天气学模型.分别计算分析了山东有和无远距离热带气旋暴雨合成的水汽和温湿能的收支.结果表明:在华南沿海登陆和活动的热带气旋与西风带环流系统和副热带高压相互作用在山东造成的远距离热带气旋暴雨年均2.5次.暴雨的范围广、强度大.出现暴雨的时间比热带气旋登陆时间滞后.在山东造成远距离暴雨的热带气旋在华南沿海登陆时,中心东部有一股东南风或偏南风低空急流指向内陆.中高纬度中低层西风带环流弱,位置偏北.500 hPa西风带中的偏北气流与副高边缘的偏南气流在山东境内汇合.低层850-700 hPa伴有低值系统影响,山东为气旋性环流控制.热带气旋登陆后其中心附近的中低层偏南风急流向北伸展,绕过副高脊线直达山东.在台风中心附近至山东之间建立起水汽和温湿能的输送通道,把高温高湿的暖湿空气源源不断地向山东输送.在台风登陆后12-48小时内,山东暴雨区上空有大量的水汽和温湿能的净流入.暖湿气流与西风带气流相汇合,产生辐合上升,造成暴雨.     

深圳市高影响天气的风廓线雷达特征

利用深圳多年风廓线雷达观测资料,分析了灰霾、大雾、高温、雷暴、台风、冷空气等高影响天气过程中的风廓线特征。结果表明风廓线雷达作为一种新型的探测工具,能够在垂直方向获取较高时间、空间分辨率的实时资料,为分析、预报预警高影响天气提供了新的资料和观测事实。不同的高影响天气风廓线特征各不相同。灰霾和高温以上空出现东北风为特征:大雾的水平、垂直方向分布与信噪比有关;雷暴等强对流天气具有明显的风垂直切变;热带气旋、西风槽和锋面等移动性天气系统,其风向、风速的垂直分布随时间有明显变化。     

暴雨多普勒天气雷达回波特征分析及临近预警

对近几年来武汉雷达所观测的典型低涡、梅雨锋暴雨天气过程进行了多普勒雷达观测分析,总结了β尺度暴雨回波系统的基本特征和强降水与诸多因素的关系.分析指出,在短时预报业务中,暴雨回波的识别和预警关键是从整体上要抓住β中尺度暴雨回波系统发生发展的特征,而不是孤立地研究一个对流单体的演变.     

青藏高原前期冬春季地面热源与我国夏季降水关系的初步分析

首先对青藏高原地表热通量再分析资料与自动气象站(AWS)实测资料进行对比, 结果表明: 相对于美国国家环境预报中心和国家大气中心20世纪90年代研制的NCEP/NCAR(Kalnay 等1996)和NCEP/DOE (Kanamitsu 等2002) 再分析资料, ECMWF(Uppala 等2004)资料在高原地区的地表热通量具有较好的代表性。进一步利用奇异值分解(SVD)方法分析了ECMWF资料反映的高原地面热源与我国夏季降水的关系, 发现前期青藏高原主体的冬季地面热源与长江中下游地区夏季降水量呈负相关, 与华北和东南沿海地区的夏季降水量呈正相关。而长江中下游地区夏季降水量还与春季高原南部的地面热源存在负相关、与高原北部的地面热源存在正相关。高原冬、春季地面热源场的变化是影响我国夏季降水的重要因子。     

淮河流域2007年雨季环流、影响系统及天气特征分析

利用NCEP再分析资料、常规气象资料分析淮河流域2007年雨季洪水期间大气环流及影响系统的时空分布,对雨季偏长及致洪暴雨气象成因进行了探讨.结果发现淮河流域雨季偏长与西太平洋副热带高压(副高)伸入大陆稳定脊线位置以及中高纬度建立稳定的阻塞高压有密切的关系;出现的持续性暴雨都与中纬度附近稳定的横槽或低压带有关;暴雨都是多个影响系统叠加的结果,与它们的位置有一定的对应关系.影响系统主要有低层切变线、西南涡和急流.2007年淮河雨季期间来自西北太平洋副热带高压西侧的东南气流和来自孟加拉湾的西南气流对淮河流域降水区水汽的输送起主要作用;低层辐合、高层辐散增强了上升运动,为持续强降雨提供了动力条件,并触发能量的释放.     

一次持续空气污染过程的气象条件分析

2004年12月24-30日,淄博地区出现一次持续一周的强空气污染过程.本文分析了这次过程的主要污染物浓度变化特征和造成强污染的天气形势特点以及主要的气象变量分布特征.结果表明:高空维持稳定纬向环流、逆温层结持续存在、混合层厚度增加、低空风速小,导致污染物不能及时随大气扩散,污染物浓度增大.     

Deformation during exhumation of medium‐ and high‐grade metamorphic rocks in the Variscan chain in northern Sardinia (Italy)

The Anglona and SW Gallura regions represent key places to investigate the tectonic evolution of medium‐ and high‐grade metamorphic rocks cropping out in northern Sardinia (Italy). From south to north we distinguish two different metamorphic complexes recording similar deformation histories but different metamorphic evolution: the Medium Grade Metamorphic Complex (MGMC) and the High Grade Metamorphic Complex (HGMC). After the initial collisional stage (D1 deformation phase), both complexes were affected by three contractional deformational phases (D2, D3 and D4) followed by later extensional tectonics. The D2 deformation phase was the most significant event producing an important deformation partitioning that produced localized shearing and folding domains at the boundary between the two metamorphic complexes. We highlight the presence of two previously undocumented systems of shear belts with different kinematics but analogous orientation in the axial zone of Sardinia. They became active at the boundary between the MGMC and HGMC from the beginning of D2. They formed a transpressive regime responsible for the exhumation of the medium‐ and high‐grade metamorphic rocks, and overall represent a change from orthogonal to orogen‐parallel tectonic transport. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of riverbed incision on the hydrology of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta

The hydrogeomorphology of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD) has been significantly altered by natural and anthropogenic drivers. In this study, the spatiotemporal changes of the flow regime were examined by analysing the long-term daily, monthly, annual and extreme discharges and water levels from 1980 to 2018, supported by further investigation of the long-term annual sediment load (from the 1960s to 2015), river bathymetric data (in 1998, 2014 and 2017) and daily salinity concentration (from the 1990s to 2015) using various statistical methods and a coupled numerical model. Then, the effects of riverbed incision on the hydrology were investigated. The results show that the dry season discharge (i.e., in March–June) of the Tien River increased by up to 23% from the predam period (1980–1992) to the postdam period (1993–2018) but that the dry season water level at My Thuan decreased by up to −46%. The annual mean and monthly water levels in June at Tan Chau and in January and June–October at My Thuan in the Tien River decreased statistically, even though the respective discharges increased significantly. These decreased water levels instead of the increased discharges were attributed to the accelerated riverbed incision upstream from My Thuan, which increased by more than three times, from a mean rate of −0.16 m/year (−16.7 Mm³/year) in 1998–2014 to −0.5 m/year (−52.5 Mm³/year) in 2014–2017. This accelerated riverbed incision was likely caused by the reduction in the sediment load of the VMD (from 166.7 Mt/year in the predam period to 57.6 Mt/year in the postdam period) and increase in sand mining (from 3.9 Mm³ in 2012 to 13.43 Mm³ in 2018). Collectively, the decreased dry season water level in the Tien River is likely one of the main causes of the enhanced salinity intrusion.     

华北东部中生代构造体制转折峰期的主要地质效应和形成动力学探讨

华北中生代构造体制转折始于 15 0～ 14 0Ma ,终于 110～ 10 0Ma ,峰期是 12 0～ 110Ma ,总体上是由挤压构造体制转化为伸展构造体制 ,由EW向转变为NNE向的盆岭构造格局。但是转折过程有复杂的细节和多次挤压与伸展的转变 ,边缘与克拉通内部、北缘与南 (东 )缘之间在时间和空间上也有一定的变化。南 (东 )缘的挤压构造以 2 30～ 2 10Ma为主 ,然后在 130～ 110Ma期间达到构造转折的剧变期。北缘则似乎表现出 2 30～ 2 10Ma和 180 ( 170 )～ 16 0 ( 15 0 )Ma两期挤压构造 ,130～ 110Ma是构造转折的峰期。盆地的演化有多样性 ,燕山地区前晚侏罗世时期呈现出北东东向褶皱逆冲带与挤压挠曲盆地带相邻并存的盆山结构 ;而后晚侏罗世时期呈现出北北东向裂谷盆地与断隆相间的盆岭结构 ;晚侏罗世后时期则呈现出北东—北北东向盆地与“活动”断隆相间 ,并受北东东向褶皱逆冲带控制的盆山结构。大别山南北隆升历史完全不同。深部结构的研究表明 ,华北东部的岩石圈在古生代末期已有减薄表现 ,在中生代急剧减薄 ,地幔和下地壳发生大规模置换 ,至 130～ 110Ma到达顶峰。新生代以来又有加厚的趋势。中生代构造转折不具典型造山带特征 ,可能与周围块体夹击引发的区域性大规模地幔隆起有关