准噶尔盆地南缘中-新生界粘土矿物地球化学特征及其物源分析

准噶尔盆地南缘中-新生界地层主要分布于准噶尔盆地南缘与天山耦合部位。通过X射线荧光光谱（XRF）和电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）对准噶尔盆地南缘中-新生界沉积岩样品进行了测试。本文根据样品中常量元素、微量元素及稀土元素（REE）特征以及特征元素比值等地球化学参数,探讨了准噶尔盆地南缘中-新生界物源区构造背景、物源性质及风化程度。通过常量、微量元素构造判别图（含量及比值）判断得出中-新生界沉积岩源岩以长英质岩石为主,构造背景为活动性大陆边缘。准噶尔盆地南缘中-新生界具有较低化学蚀变指数（CIA）和较高成分成熟度变化指数（ICV）的特征,分布范围分别为52～89、0.37～1.82,反映准南中-新生界物源区古风化程度低、沉积物成分成熟度低,表明物源区构造活动强烈,属于快速剥蚀和搬运的构造环境。     

广安地区侏罗系凉高山组粘土矿物研究

四川广安地区侏罗系粘土矿物类型主要为绿泥石、高岭石、伊蒙混层和伊利石;同一口井随着深度的增加,伊利石、绿泥石含量增加,伊蒙混层中的蒙脱石混层比降低。粘土矿物特征与储集层物性的相关性分析认为:伊蒙混层含量、伊利石含量均与储集层孔渗性能呈负相关,绿泥石与高岭石含量与储集层孔渗性呈正相关;通过对伊蒙混层中蒙脱石的混层比的计算,大多数为有序混层,说明该区凉高山组处于生油高峰期,这与岩石中TOC(%)介于0.8与1.3,Ro(%)介于0.7与1.2相吻合。     

包气带土层对氮素污染地下水的防护能力试验研究

包气带土层能够有效滞留和吸附污染物,是阻隔污染物进入地下水的重要屏障。通过对北京市典型地区包气带土体进行土柱淋溶试验,研究包气带土层对氮素污染地下水的防护能力,实验结果显示,包气带土层对氮素的截污性能具有明显的分段性。粘质粉土对氮素污染地下水具有较强的截留和防护能力,粉砂截留和防护能力相对较差。经计算粘质粉土和粉砂对再生水的净化能力分别为83.3%、29.1%。包气带土层颗粒粒径愈大,污染物浓度高,水动力条件好,包气带土层的防护能力愈差。     

An overview of the pegmatitic landscape from the pole to the equator – Applied geomorphology and ore guides

Pegmatites and aplites share the common major constituents with the granitoid suite as well as various gneissic lithologies, e.g., orthogneisses, aplitic gneisses. Not surprising, the pegmatitic landscape has landforms resembling some found in landscapes derived from metamorphic and granitic rocks that genetically next of kin of pegmatites. The wealth of rare minerals, the peculiar shape, the zonation into a rim extremely vulnerable to weathering and a hard silica core renders pegmatites strikingly different from the afore-mentioned crystalline rocks and account for a landscape type of its own. The primary features of pegmatites, shape and composition, the key elements of the CMS classification scheme (Chemical composition-Mineral assemblage-Structural geology) also are critical for the secondary alteration of these rocks and the evolution of a pegmatitic landscape. The 1st order landscape formation, involving geomorphology sensu stricto and weathering contributes to the built-up of five morphological types (erosional type I, alteration type II, mixed type III, composite type IV (erosion-transport-deposition), hidden type V (under an intact roof rock or under clastic overburden)). The minerals produced by chemical weathering are accountable for type II and III, whereas the relic minerals are accountable for type I, III, IV and V. Morphological type IV leads to different placer deposits. The 2nd order landscape formation is governed by the climate giving rise to discrete zones arranged from the pole to the equator and two genetic types, the plain and valley types. Both types can genetically be correlated with the wet-and-dry and the tropical humid climates. Placers developed a clastic apron around pegmatites abundant in relic minerals whereas minerals newly formed during chemical weathering lead to clay deposits resting immediately on top of pegmatites. In terms of applied geomorphology, reading and understanding a pegmatitic landscape means creating an “ore guide” to the pegmatites, to their argillaceous supergene deposits in the apical part and their cogenetic placer deposits around. The current overview is a supplement to the review Dill (2015a).     

Assessment of thermal evolution of Paleozoic successions of the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland)

Poland is considered the most prospective country for shale gas production in Europe. Hydrocarbon generation/expulsion scenarios, drawn in the latest intensive exploration phases, tend to overestimate maturation levels when compared with brand new data acquired after recent drillings. We tested an integrated workflow to correlate published and original thermal maturity datasets for the Paleozoic to Jurassic successions cropping out in the Holy Cross Mountains. These successions, when preserved in subsurface, host the major source rocks in the area. The application of the workflow allowed us to highlight the burial and thermal evolutionary scenarios of the two tectono-stratigraphic blocks of the Holy Cross Mountains (Łysogòry and Kielce blocks) and to propose this approach as a tool for reducing levels of uncertainty in thermal maturity assessment of Paleozoic successions worldwide. In particular, published datasets including colour alteration indexes of Paleozoic microfossils (conodont, acritarchs) and vitrinite and graptolite reflectance data, show differences in levels of thermal maturity for the Łysogòry (mid mature to overmature) and Kielce (immature to late mature) blocks. Original data, derived from optical analysis, pyrolysis, and Raman spectroscopy on kerogen, and X-Ray diffraction on fine-grained sediments, mostly confirm and integrate published data distribution. 1D thermal models, constrained by these data, show burial and exhumation events of different magnitude, during the Late Cretaceous, for the Łysogòry (maximum burial depths of 9 km) and Kielce (burial depths of 6 km) blocks that have been related to the Holy Cross Fault polyphase activity. In the end, Palynomorph Darkness Index and Raman spectroscopy on kerogen, for Llandoverian and Cambrian rocks, turned out to be promising tools for assessing thermal maturity of Paleozoic organic facies devoid of vitrinite macerals.     

青州市马家庄地区黏土矿成矿地质特征研究

青州市马家庄地区黏土矿主要赋存于第四纪中-上更新统大站组及全新统临沂组,赋矿层系分布面积较广,整体自南向北微有倾斜,呈等轴状展布,其厚度与古地形密切相关,古地形凹陷处矿体厚度较大,隆起区则较小,平均厚度12.61 m,厚度变化系数27.79％.经差热分析可知,黏土矿石主要由蒙脱石+水云母+石英组成.属于陆相残—坡积混合...     

西藏伦坡拉盆地晚始新世—早渐新世黏土矿物特征及古气候意义

始新世—渐新世是新生代气候从“温室”向“冰室”转变的重要节点，也是青藏高原及邻区气候格局发生重大变革的关键时期。为了重建高原中部腹地始新世—渐新世的古气候演变特征，探讨古气候变化的控制因素，利用X射线衍射分析对高原中部伦坡拉盆地382道班剖面的黏土矿物特征进行了综合研究，结果显示，伦坡拉盆地在始新世—渐新世牛堡组二段沉积的黏土矿物主要以伊利石为主，伊/蒙混层次之，高岭石与绿泥石含量极少，蒙脱石仅出现在极少样品中。黏土矿物类型及组合特征指示伦坡拉盆地在该时期整体处于寒冷干旱的气候条件，但在长周期趋势下伊利石相对含量逐渐减少，伊/蒙混层逐渐增多，显示出青藏高原中部地区的气候系统在晚始新世—早渐新世时期存在向更加湿润的气候条件转变，这种气候系统的改变可能与南亚季风在晚始新世的演化所带来的更多水汽条件和青藏高原中部中央分水岭的形成有关，但在始新世与渐新世之交，伊利石含量陡然增多，而伊/蒙混层含量则减少，且两者频繁波动，这反映了该盆地在EOT时期受到全球降温的影响。     

蒙脱石、高岭石和伊利石X射线衍射定量分析

黏土矿物的组成和含量变化与其形成时的气候、环境密切相关,是重建古环境演化的有效代用指标,因此黏土矿物定性尤其是定量分析显得尤为重要.然而,常用的定量分析方法不能直接应用,且定量分析软件在使用过程中存在误差传导效应.为此,本研究基于X射线衍射分析,针对常见的黏土矿物(蒙脱石、高岭石和伊利石),建立了两种简便的定量分析方法...     

皖南姚村岩体花岗岩风化壳稀土元素赋存特征

皖南地区花岗岩风化壳中稀土元素普遍富集，局部已成为矿床，其中，郎溪县姚村岩体风化壳富集程度较高。LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb定年表明，姚村花岗岩体的形成年龄为127.9±1.4 Ma，属于皖南地区燕山期晚期岩浆作用的产物。风化壳可细分为残坡积层（A）、强半风化层（C1）、过渡层（C2）、弱风化层（C3）和基岩（D）五层。稀土总量在纵向剖面上呈“波浪式”分布，各层稀土分布型式表现出对原岩的继承性。风化壳稀土配分型式与基岩一致， 富集LREE，轻重稀土分馏明显(La/Yb)N=15.6），但总含量明显更高。基岩∑REE为338×10-6，半风化层∑REE最高达642×10-6，富集约两倍。风化壳物质由风化残余主矿物（石英、钾长石、斜长石、黑云母）、黏土矿物（高岭石、埃洛石、伊利石、三水铝石等）和副矿物（锆石、磷灰石、榍石等）等组成。黏土矿物以伊利石含量最高，指示风化壳发育不成熟。REE与埃洛石含量明显正相关，与其他黏土矿物关系不明显。（含）稀土矿物（尤其是榍石）对风化壳中稀土元素的贡献量超过百分之五十，其次为斜长石，是风化壳中REE的重要来源。