Assessment of cyclic response to suction caisson in clay using a three-dimensional displacement approach

An investigation was made to present analytical solutions of cyclic response to suction caisson subjected to inclined cyclic loadings in clay using a three-dimensional displacement approach. A model representing the relationship between vertical load and vertical displacement and that between lateral load and lateral displacement along the skirt of suction caisson subjected to cyclic loadings is proposed for overconsolidated clay. For the effect of vertical load on cyclic load capacity of suction caisson, using the Mindlin solution in the case of a vertical point load, the vertical stress of soil under the base of suction caisson is presented. For the stress state of soil beneath the base of suction caisson subjected to cyclic loading, the Mohr–Coulomb failure line and critical state line are presented and the relationship between total stress, effective mean principal stress, stress difference, and pore-pressure is elucidated. The comparison of results predicted by the present method for a suction caisson subjected to cyclic loadings in clay has shown good agreement with those obtained from field tests. Cyclic behavior of clay up to failure is made clear from the relationship between cyclic tensile load, vertical and lateral displacements, and rotation and that between depth, vertical, and lateral pressures.     

昌都地区晚侏罗达孜剖面粘土矿物组合特征及其成岩环境意义

昌都地区位于西藏东部,区内有蒸发岩大范围分布。本文通过对昌都地区晚侏罗含膏盐达孜剖面粘土矿物类型及其组合特征进行深入研究,对成岩环境进行了分析,可为进一步探讨蒸发岩对青藏高原演化的响应关系提供一定的线索和依据。主要得到如下4点认识：(1)达孜剖面粘土矿物以伊利石为主,伊利石/蒙脱石混层次之,高岭石、绿泥石和绿泥石/蒙脱石混层含量均较低。(2)ISⅡ型有序伊/蒙混层矿物中,每隔9～19个伊利石晶层才有蒙脱石晶层出现,表明蒙脱石伊利石化程度高,受成岩作用影响较大。(3)达孜剖面呈晚成岩阶段的特征,其成岩温度大于190℃,沉积环境和成岩环境具有弱碱性的特征,同时这一时期物源区呈干燥、弱水解作用的特征。(4)高含量的Na_⁺、K_⁺、Al_³⁺和低含量的Fe_²⁺、Mg_²⁺碱性介质对蒙脱石-蒙脱石/伊利石-伊利石这一转化过程有一定的促进作用,但同时抑制了埋藏过程后期绿泥石的大量生成。     

Experimental investigation of the system behaviour of a model three-legged jack-up on clay

Results from combined loading experiments dedicated to evaluating the capacity and stiffness of a single footing have significantly improved the understanding of the response of circular shallow foundations. However, due to experimental practicalities, little corroborative evidence is available to confirm predicted behaviour when multiple footings act within a structural system. This paper addresses this concern by presenting the results of a series of experimental tests on a three-legged model jack-up unit founded on soft, heavily overconsolidated clay. The model adopted geometric features representative of a large prototype rig by appropriately scaling leg height, leg separation and flexural stiffness, as well as the ‘spudcan’ footing diameter and profile. Pushover events were considered by subjecting the model jack-up to monotonic horizontal loading at hull level. By measuring loads and displacements at the hull and at each spudcan, the system behaviour of the jack-up could be analysed. Nine separate tests were performed, revealing how load orientation, leg length and preload ratio changed the system capacity and affected the load–displacement paths of the jack-up and spudcan system. The test results are compared with those derived from single spudcan experiments, and are interpreted within the combined load yield surface approach gaining acceptance within the offshore industry.     

聚丙烯纤维和水泥对粘性土强度的影响及机理研究

选取聚丙烯纤维和水泥作为加固材料,在室内试验的基础上,研究了单独的纤维和水泥对粘性土强度的影响及其的综合作用,分析了它们的作用机理。试验中,3种不同百分比(0.05%,0.15%和0.25%素土重)的纤维和两种不同百分比的(5%和8%素土重)水泥分别掺入到粘土试样中,配制了12组试样,进行了无侧限抗压试验。试验结果表明,纤维和水泥均能够提高土体的强度,纤维的加入改善了水泥土样的脆性破坏模式;纤维水泥土样的强度远远高于相同掺量下的纯纤维土和纯水泥的强度,甚至高于它们的强度之和。运用扫描电镜(SEM)从微观层次上分析了纤维和水泥加固粘性土的力学机理,发现纤维表面与土介质之间的粘结力和摩擦力对加固效果有直接影响。     

STW型生态土壤稳定剂改良工程粘性土胀缩性试验研究

针对STW型生态土壤稳定剂改良粘性土的胀缩性进行了试验研究。实验结果表明:STW型土壤稳定剂可以有效地改良粘性土的胀缩性;土颗粒粒径的大小、稳定剂的掺量对改良粘性土的胀缩性均有不同程度的影响;在平均粒径为0.75mm时,改良土和素土的无荷膨胀率均达到最低值;改良土的胀缩性随着稳定剂掺量的增大而减小。     

龙游石窟岩面水岩作用研究

在龙游石窟砂岩胶结物的粘土矿物类型及特性研究的基础上,对窟内的积水、洞室顶部的裂隙渗水、地表水及衢江水等水样进行化学分析,结果表明石窟砂岩的矿物组成及构造, 决定了洞室渗水的水质,是造成水质不同的主要原因。对石窟洞室砂岩试样分别浸沉在上述水及蒸馏水中,并定期对浸沉水样进行化学分析,研究了石窟砂岩与水的相互作用机理,结果表明:由大气降水入渗而形成的渗透水对石窟的影响主要是渗透过程中发生的水化、溶脱、氧化等反应,从而导致洞室砂岩的矿物组成及构造产生变化,同时也直接影响了渗透水的水质。因此,粘土矿物与水之间有着相互制约,相互影响的作用,但是岩石中所含粘土矿物特性是使砂岩发生风化的主要原因。     

Effect of Shear Deformation on Microfabric of Clay Using XRD Technique

The present paper deals with the impact of shear deformation on the geometric arrangement of particles within the soil specimen, which is termed as the microfabric of soil. A series of compression and extension lubricated end triaxial tests are performed on cylindrical specimens of Kaolinite clay with two extreme microfabrics; dispersed and flocculated, which are obtained using slurry consolidation technique. Flocculated microfabric has random orientation of particles within the soil mass having face-to-edge particle contacts; however, dispersed microfabric has parallel orientation of particles containing face-to-face particle contacts. When the specimen is subjected to large stress levels during its shear deformation, the particle orientation and the geometric arrangement within the soil specimen gets affected due to the force acting on the clay platelets. The variation in microfabric of soil before and after shear deformation process is evaluated by obtaining X-ray diffraction patterns of the clay specimen at three different locations using standard X-ray diffractometer. The discussion includes an analysis of the orientation of soil particles located at shear banding zones of the clay specimens, which may be useful for understanding the strain localization development in clays.     

Sediment colour reflectance spectroscopy as a proxy for wet/dry cycles at Lake El'gygytgyn,Far East Russia,during Marine Isotope Stages 8 to 12

Marine Isotope Stage 11 has been proposed as an analogue for the present interglacial interval; yet, terrestrial climate records from both this region and time interval are rare. The sediments deposited at Lake El'gygytgyn (67°30′N, 172°5′E) in Far East Russia contain a 3·56 Ma record of climate variability. This study presents a high‐resolution record of sediment colour change from Marine Isotope Stage 8 to 12 (ca 275 to 475 ka) and demonstrates the link between lake catchment processes and climate variability. The hue colour parameter, calculated from data collected via colour reflectance spectroscopy in the visible spectrum (380 to 720 nm), exhibits correspondence with global climate records. Determining the source of sediment colour changes was achieved through detailed mineralogical and sedimentological methods, and linked to colour changes through a series of colour sensitivity tests. Mineralogical data, measured by X‐ray diffraction, reveal fluctuations in concentrations of clay minerals corresponding to colour changes. Further analyses of the clay mineral assemblages show no change in relative clay mineral abundances, yet demonstrate a lake catchment dominated by physical weathering processes. Using measured mineral abundances, reconstructions of sediment colour based on colour reflectance mineral standards link mineral and clay mineral content to overall sediment colour. Colour sensitivity tests demonstrate the ability of iron oxide minerals to stain sediments red. Additionally, colour sensitivity to organic matter content was tested, suggesting that organic content drives variability in the red portion of the spectrum and darkens the overall colour signal. Sediment colour is then ultimately linked to physical weathering of bedrock minerals, with small amounts of chemical weathering producing iron oxides during wet intervals. Fluctuations in the sediment colour reveal a high‐resolution record of wet/dry cycles, and provide new information about wet periods for the Russian Arctic region not yet understood from other lake proxy records.     

Stabilization of swelling clays by Mg(OH)2. Factors affecting hydroxy-Mg-interlayering in swelling clays

The damage caused to structures and other human endeavours, on or in the ground, by swelling clay soils is considered as a natural hazard. In order to mitigate this hazard an attempt was made to stabilize the swelling clay mineral structure by the addition of Mg(OH)₂. This will turn the swelling minerals, like montmorillonite, into non-swelling ones, e.g., chloride. Accordingly, the various factors affecting the precipitation-adsorption of the Mg-hydroxide by clays, was investigated, and the conditions giving the best results were established. The factors examined were: the base used as precipitant (NH₄OH and NaOH); the preparation of the precipitate, inside or outside the clay suspension; the sequence and the duration of the reagents addition; the OH/Mg ratio; the time of clay-chemical contact; and the drying time and temperature. The method, was applied to different clay minerals (swelling and non-swelling). The material produced after the Mg-hydroxide precipitation was examined by the methylene blue dye adsorption test, XRD, DTA and DTGA methods; the results were treated statistically by factorial analysis. From the results obtained, it is concluded that the factors affecting the Mg-hydroxide adsorption by clays are: the base used as a precipitant, the preparation of the hydroxide directly inside or outside the clay suspension, the drying temperature, and the rate of titration of the reagents. Therefore, the best conditions for the laboratory preparation of hydroxy-Mg-interlayers are a dilute (1–2%) and well-dispersed clay suspension, pH between 10–12; some 12 meq Mg²⁺, as Mg-salt (e.g., MgCl₂) per gram of clay, added before the base and followed by the dropwise titration of 1–2 N NaOH solution into the clay suspension, to give a molar ratio OH/Mg of about 1.5; vigorous agitation of the suspension during titration of the reagents; centrifugation and decantation of the supernatant liquid, and drying the product at about 250°C. Satisfactory results are also obtained with the fast titration of the base and drying at 105°C to complete dryness.     

Adsorption characteristics of heavy metals in soil zones developed on spilite

Various soil zones such as Bw, C1, and C3 are developed on spilite. Montmorillonite, vermiculite and chlorite is moderately occurred in the C1 and C3 soil zones, in contrast montmorillonite and vermiculite are absent in Bw soils whereas illite and sesquioxide are relatively increased. The high cation exchange capacity (CEC) of montmorillonite and vermiculte and moderate CEC of chlorite and illite resulted in the high adsorption of heavy metals. The adsorption of the heavy metals on spilite soil zones was studied at different concentrations and pH levels. Heavy metals like lead, cadmium, and copper were selected for adsorption studies considering their contribution as toxic metals in the environment. The initial solute concentrations ranged from 7.0 × 10⁻³ to 1.0 × 10² mg/L. The sorption behavior of Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Cu²⁺ on soil zones of spilite was investigated using the batch equilibrium technique at 25°C. The characteristics of the adsorption process were investigated using Scatchard plot analysis (q/C vs. q) by the batch equilibrium technique at 25°C. In the adsorption of heavy metals, deviation from linearity in the plot of q/C versus q was observed, indicating the presence of multi-model interaction and non-Langmuirean behavior. When the Scatchard plot showed a deviation from linearity, greater emphasis was placed on the analysis of the adsorption data in terms of the Freundlich model, in order to construct the adsorption isotherms of the metal(s) at particular concentration(s) in solutions. The adsorption behavior of these metal ions on spilite soil zones is expressed by the Freundlich isotherms. Adsorption constants and correlation coefficients for the Cd, Pb, and Cu on spilite soil zones were calculated from Freundlich plots.