中亚土地资源开发与利用分析

中亚地区土地资源开发与利用研究信息资料有限,研究深度无法满足亚欧内陆干旱区社会经济可持续发展的科学要求。采用欧空局（ESA）GlobCover 2 2005年的全球陆地覆盖数据集资料和世界粮农组织（FAO）统计资料,较为系统分析了1992-2009年中亚土地资源开发与利用及其变化趋势。研究表明：（1）中亚耕地面积及作物产量呈先迅速下降后缓慢上升的趋势,耕地面积由1992年的43.1×10⁴ km²（比例10.9%）下降到2000年的29.8×10⁴ km²（比例7.58%）,然后上升至2009年的31.6×10⁴ km²（比例8.04%）,但仍未恢复到1990年代初的水平;（2）林地与草地面积变化不明显,但草地载畜量变化显著。其中哈萨克斯坦2009年草地载畜量（6.25×107标准羊单位）仅为1992年草地载畜量（9.91×10⁷标准羊单位）的63.1%;土库曼斯坦2009年草地载畜量为2.96×10⁷标准羊单位,是1992年草地载畜量（1.04×10⁷标准羊单位）的3倍左右;乌兹别克斯坦、塔吉克斯坦和吉尔吉斯斯坦草地载畜量均有不同程度的增加;（3）中亚地区土地资源生产潜力巨大,但在土地利用过程中出现了农田土壤侵蚀、土壤盐渍化和过渡放牧等生态问题,如何有效治理与防治上述问题,对中亚地区土地资源可持续利用和生态保护具有重要意义。     

大地构造理论和中国4次煤田预测与潜力评价

在原煤炭工业部组织的4次全国煤炭资源预测和评价中,其中3次分别运用了槽-台学说、地质力学理论和板块构造理论。简要评述了前3次煤田预测成果。在此基础上,通过分析第4次煤田预测以来的板块构造理论和煤田地质研究进展,以及对2006年6月开始的煤炭资源潜力评价,建议在总结阶段,应在不同板块构造体制下,根据含煤原型盆地恢复、大地构造单元性质与盆地构造演化,对煤炭聚积、煤化作用的控制和影响进行研究,并提出了建立板块构造理论指导下的中国煤炭资源潜力评价的工作思路与技术路线。      

新疆1999-2009年水足迹计算与分析

利用统计资料,结合水足迹模型和区域水足迹评价方法,对新疆1999-2009年的水足迹及相关指标进行了计算和分析。研究表明：（1）新疆1999-2004年总水足迹呈上升趋势,2004- 2009年略有下降趋势。水资源集约利用度呈增长趋势,说明新疆水资源利用效率有所提高;（2）新疆居民对粮食、肉类等虚拟水含量较大的农产品需求较大,适当减少虚拟水含量较高的产品消费,提倡虚拟水含量较低的产品消费,可减少虚拟水量的消耗;（3）新疆在虚拟水贸易中是水资源输出地,且输出量在不断增大,给新疆本地的水资源利用带来巨大的压力;（4）新疆水资源压力逐年增加,解决水资源短缺问题不能局限于本地实体水资源的高效利用,还可通过虚拟水贸易从水源丰富地区购买高耗水的本地发展所需的相关消费品,实现水资源总体可持续利用。改变消费模式,调整虚拟水战略结构成为缓解新疆水资源短缺的一种可能途径,由于数据限制,水足迹研究有待进一步细化,但是一种可用于探讨干旱区水资源可持续利用的方法。     

贵州乌蒙山区资源相对承载力的时空动态变化

贵州乌蒙山区是国家划定的18片贫困区之一,随着人口增长和社会经济发展的加速,山区人地资源矛盾日趋突出,已严重阻碍了乌蒙山区社会经济的可持续发展。运用并改进了相对资源承载力的研究思路和计算方法,研究了1995~2006年贵州乌蒙山区自然资源、经济资源、生活水平的相对承载力和综合承载力的时空动态变化过程。对于认清和把握乌蒙山区资源承载力变化规律,完善山区资源环境承载力研究成果具有重要指导意义。研究表明:贵州乌蒙山区人口严重超载,而承载人口的主要资源为土地资源,经济资源和生活水平承载力偏低;相对资源承载力空间差异显著,绝大多数县域综合承载力均处于超载状态。     

对生态补偿概念及两个研究层面的反思

对生态补偿的基本语义进行解析,提出了一种以损失性境遇与补偿关系域为基本元素的分析模式。强调生态补偿的研究与实践必须物质与价值层面并举,且以前者为指归。生态补偿在自然科学方面的深层机理与准则还有待深入研究,才能指导生态补偿在经济、法律等其他层面的正确认识与实践。指出生态效益价值计量与生态补偿没有实质性的联系;“生态效益补偿”是一个容易引起误解的观念或概念。补偿标准基本的考量在成本、包括机会成本一面,不在效益一面;既实现生产者剩余又实现消费者剩余,是合珲补偿的基本前撂。     

福州滨海湿地水鸟资源现状及保护对策研究

1997-2008年对福州滨海湿地水鸟进行了调查,记录到水鸟共132种,隶属9目21科,以鸻鹬类和雁鸭类为主,居留型以冬候鸟和旅鸟为主;拥有多种珍稀濒危水鸟,属于国家重点保护野生动物（1988）有15种、IUCN名录的有16种、中国濒危动物红皮书名录有16种。水鸟主要分布在闽江河口、福清兴化湾、福清湾、文武砂、罗源湾。同时针对福州滨海湿地水鸟情况提出了相应的保护对策。     

利用水位资料反演华北地区构造应力场变化

本文选取华北地区观测条件较好的63口水位观测井资料, 运用小波分析法去除各井水位资料中的短期高频信息, 提取出能反映水位多年动态变化的趋势信息, 并利用各井水位趋势变化数据反演出华北地区多年构造应力场变化图像, 结合其它水文资料, 探讨了华北地区近年来的构造应力场变化特征。     

基于GIS的矿产预测地质解译空间信息集成

利用我国海量地质标准基础数据库中的数字地质图和矿产图,通过基于GIS的地质解译空间集成地质信息,将其用于综合信息矿产预测。以地质解译系统对内蒙大兴安岭南段1∶20万成矿预测的应用为案例,阐述地质信息的空间提取与集成过程：首先在建立地质字典库实现地质空间信息共享的基础上,通过矿化密集区对地质模型的分类图层进行空间分析,建立地质成矿空间信息库和图库;然后,基于典型矿床圈定模型单元,通过模型单元与地质成矿空间信息库和图库的空间分析,建立地质找矿模型;最后,基于地质单元对地质成矿空间信息库和图库的二次空间集成,完成预测模型的地质空间信息提取与集成。将本方法应用在银矿案例的综合信息矿产预测靶区评价上,得到可供进一步查证的新增靶区比已知靶区增加了近5倍。     

Predicting sediment inputs to aquatic ecosystems across England and Wales under current environmental conditions

The awareness of water quality issues has never been higher. As part of its continuing strategic diffuse pollution policy support, ADAS recently undertook to identify catchments across England and Wales that could potentially fail recently proposed suspended sediment yield targets under current environmental conditions. The total suspended sediment loads (SSL) delivered to all rivers were assumed to comprise contributions from diffuse sources in the agricultural and urban sectors, as well as from eroding channel banks and point sources represented by sewage treatment works (STWs). Diffuse agricultural sediment loss to rivers was predicted using the PSYCHIC model. Corresponding inputs from diffuse urban sources were estimated on the basis of an Event Mean Concentration (EMC) methodology. Channel bank sediment inputs were calculated using a prototype national scale model, while point source sediment contributions were based on a register of consented effluent discharges. Modelled SSL were validated (r²=68%) against PARCOM data (1999–2003) for the delivery of sediment to different regions of the UK maritime area. The results of the validation were considered to be realistic for a national scale predictor. The modelling exercise suggested that those catchments currently at risk of exceeding proposed suspended sediment yield critical thresholds are largely confined to upland areas across Wales and northwest England and the chalklands of southern and eastern England.     

Potential implications of differential preservation of testate amoeba shells for paleoenvironmental reconstruction in peatlands

Testate amoebae are now commonly used in paleoenvironmental studies but little is known of their taphonomy. There is some experimental evidence for differential preservation of some testate amoeba shell types over others, but it is unclear what, if any impact this has on palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. To investigate this issue we looked at palaeoecological evidence for the preservation of different shell types. We then investigated the possible impact of selective preservation on quantitative palaeoenvironmental inference. We first used existing palaeoecological data sets to assess the vertical patterns of relative abundance in four testate amoeba shell types: (1) shells made of secreted biosilica plates (idiosomes, e.g. Euglypha), (2) idiosomes with thick organic coating (Assulina), (3) proteinaceous shells (e.g. Hyalosphenia), (4) shells built from recycled organic or mineral particles (xenosomes) (e.g. Difflugia, Centropyxis). In three diagrams a clear pattern of decay was only observed for the idiosome type. In order to assess the implications of differential preservation of testate amoeba taxa for paleoenvironmental reconstruction we then carried out simulations using three existing transfer functions and a wide range of scenarios, downweighting different test categories to represent the impact of selective test decomposition. Simulation results showed that downweighting generally reduced overall model performance. However downweighting a shell type only produced a consistent directional bias in inferred water table depth where that shell type is both dominant and shows a clear preference along the ecological gradient. Applying a scenario derived from previous experimental work did not lead to significant difference in inferred water table. Our results show that differential shell preservation has little impact on paleohydrological reconstruction from Sphagnum-dominated peatlands. By contrast, for the minerotrophic peatlands data-set loss of idiosome tests leads to consistent underestimation of water table depth. However there are few studies from fens and it is possible that idiosome tests are not always dominant, and/or that differential decomposition is less marked than in Sphagnum peatlands. Further work is clearly needed to assess the potential of testate amoebae for paleoecological studies of minerotrophic peatlands.