CFD modelling of a small–scale fixed multi–chamber OWC device

Wave Energy Converters (WECs) have excellent potential as a source of renewable energy that is yet to be commercially realised. Recent attention has focused on the installation of Oscillating Water Column (OWC) devices as a part of harbor walls to provide advantages of cost–sharing structures and proximity of power generation facilities to existing infrastructure. In this paper, an incompressible three–dimensional CFD model is constructed to simulate a fixed Multi–Chamber OWC (MC–OWC) device. The CFD model is validated; the simulation results are found to be in good agreement with experimental results obtained from a scale physical model tested in a wave tank. The validated CFD model is then used for a benchmark study of 96 numerical tests. These investigate the effects of the PTO damping caused by the power take–off (PTO) system on device performance. The performance is assessed for a range of regular wave heights and periods. The results demonstrate that a PTO system with an intermediate damping can be used for all chambers in the MC–OWC device for most wave period ranges, except for the long wave periods. These require a higher PTO damping. An increased incident wave height reduces the device capture width ratio, but there is a noticeable improvement for long wave periods.     

A two-dimensional analytical model of vertical water entry for asymmetric bodies with flow separation

The vertical water entry of asymmetric two-dimensional bodies with flow separation is considered. As long as there is no flow separation, linearised Wagner's theory combined with the modified Logvinovich model has been shown to provide computationally fast and reliable estimates of slamming loads during water entry. Tassin et al. [11] introduced the fictitious body continuation (FBC) concept as a way to extend the use of Wagner's model to separated flow configurations, but they only considered symmetric bodies. In the present study, we investigate the ability of the FBC concept to provide accurate estimates of slamming loads for asymmetric bodies. In this case, flow separation may not occur simultaneously on both sides of the body. During an intermediate phase, slamming loads are governed by a competition between the local drop in pressure due to partial flow separation and the ongoing expansion of the wetted area. As a first benchmark for the model, we consider the water entry of an inclined flat plate and compare the FBC estimates with the results of a nonlinear model. Then, we consider the case of a foil and compare the FBC results with computational fluid dynamics predictions. In both cases, we find that the FBC model is able to provide reliable estimates of the slamming loads.     

雅浦海沟南缘铁锰结核矿物与地球化学特征及其成因研究

本文采用X射线衍射、全岩地球化学和电子探针等测试方法,对雅浦海沟南部附近海域获得的铁锰结核样品进行了显微构造、矿物和地球化学分析,并探讨了其成因。结果表明:铁锰结核的显微构造主要包括平行纹层构造、柱状构造、叠层状构造和同心环状构造;显微构造和探针结果显示铁锰结核在生长初期处于底部海洋动力比较强烈的环境,后期生长环境逐渐趋于稳定;铁锰结核的矿物组分以水羟锰矿、钠水锰矿、石英和钙十字石为主;样品中Fe、Mn元素含量较高且含量比较接近,Cu、Co、Ni和REE相对富集,REE分布模式整体比较平缓并都出现较强的Ce正异常和重稀土元素亏损现象;文中两块铁锰结核都为水成成因,成矿物质主要来自同期的海水沉淀,同时也受一定海底火山物质和陆源风尘物质的影响。     

Assessing the performance of a large-scale irrigation system by estimations of actual evapotranspiration obtained by Landsat satellite images resampled with cubic convolution

Remote sensing techniques allow monitoring the Earth surface and acquiring worthwhile information that can be used efficiently in agro-hydrological systems. Satellite images associated to computational models represent reliable resources to estimate actual evapotranspiration fluxes, ET_a, based on surface energy balance. The knowledge of ET_a and its spatial distribution is crucial for a broad range of applications at different scales, from fields to large irrigation districts. In single plots and/or in irrigation districts, linking water volumes delivered to the plots with the estimations of remote sensed ET_a can have a great potential to develop new cost-effective indicators of irrigation performance, as well as to increase water use efficiency. With the aim to assess the irrigation system performance and the opportunities to save irrigation water resources at the “SAT Llano Verde” district in Albacete, Castilla-La Mancha (Spain), the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) was applied on cloud-free Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) images, processed by cubic convolution resampling method, for three irrigation seasons (May to September 2006, 2007 and 2008). The model allowed quantifying instantaneous, daily, monthly and seasonal ET_a over the irrigation district. The comparison between monthly irrigation volumes distributed by each hydrant and the corresponding spatially averaged ET_a, obtained by assuming an overall efficiency of irrigation network equal to 85%, allowed the assessment of the irrigation system performance for the area served by each hydrant, as well as for the whole irrigation district. It was observed that in all the investigated years, irrigation volumes applied monthly by farmers resulted generally higher than the corresponding evapotranspiration fluxes retrieved by SEBAL, with the exception of May, in which abundant rainfall occurred. When considering the entire irrigation seasons, it was demonstrated that a considerable amount of water could have been saved in the district, respectively equal to 26.2, 28.0 and 16.4% of the total water consumption evaluated in the three years.     

滕州荆泉水源地岩溶塌陷特征与成因分析

自2015年6月以来,在山东滕州荆泉水源地范围内连续发生多起岩溶塌陷。通过研究区域地质条件,在已有认识的基础上分析得出发育的浅层开口岩溶洞隙的存在,一定厚度的松散覆盖层及地下水位大幅下降是该区产生岩溶塌陷的基本条件。阐述了岩溶塌陷形成发育过程及影响因素,得出长期过量抽采岩溶水是区内岩溶塌陷的主要因素,合理减少地下水开采量是预防岩溶塌陷最有效的方法。     

基于生态-经济重要性的滨湖城市土地开发适宜性分区研究——以无锡市为例

契爷石水库是广东省东莞市的一座中型供水水库,为富营养化水体.为改善该水库水质,2002年10月开始从东江调水,以满足供水的水量和水质要求.在调水后的两年期间,对水文、水质和浮游植物种类和数量进行了调查.本文将调查结果与以往(2000年)调查数据进行了对比,分析了调水后该水库水质和浮游植物的特点和调水对水质的影响.调水直接导致TP浓度显著下降,丰水期的TN浓度有一定下降,但调水并没显著降低枯水期TN的浓度.调水后,丰水期水体的叶绿素a浓度有明显的增加,枯水期叶绿素a浓度大大低于调水前.与调水前相比,调水后浮游植物种类数有明显增加,特别是绿藻种类,蓝藻中的假鱼腥藻和针状蓝纤维藻仍为浮游植物优势种,但硅藻中的短小曲壳藻和针杆藻等成为新的优势种,裸藻的数量大为减少.     

柴达木盆地水资源开发与生态环境保护浅析

根据柴达木盆地水资源的形成与分布,结合盆地水资源时空分布不均匀性,分析了盆地水资源开发利用现状,探讨了地表水、地下水开发利用模式,对盆地的生态环境现状和人类对水资源的开发利用不当而引起的一系列环境问题,提出了进一步加强对水资源的保护,调整农业种植结构,提高人们节约用水意识,加强对现有荒漠沙生植被的保护,科学合理利用有限的水资源,使人与自然和谐发展,促进盆地经济建设和生态环境可持续发展。     

青海高原近43年夏季水汽分布及演变特征

通过对青海高原近43年夏季空中水汽分布及演变的研究,结果表明:(1)夏季来自孟加拉湾的暖湿水汽在东亚夏季风的驱动下向东北方向输送,与沿中纬度的西风环流输送的水汽在青海高原会合,但受高原大地形阻挡,到达该区的水汽含量较源区大大减小;(2)青海高原水汽通量场自西界向东界增加,水汽通量高值区基本分布在青海东部的边坡地带;(3)近43年青海高原净水汽通量收支有正有负,但整体上却呈增加趋势;(4)旱年青海高原水汽通量比平均状况偏少10~40 kg.m-1.s-1;涝年偏多10~20 kg.m-1.s-1;无论旱涝年,青海高原空中净水汽通量均呈正值,但旱年比平均状况偏少21.88%,涝年偏多53.99%。     

日本海环流研究综述

日本海作为东北亚地区最大的边缘海,是西北太平洋上的重要海区。由于特殊的地理位置和复杂的地形,使得日本海的环流结构呈现独有特征,如日本海内的亚极地锋现象,复杂多变的涡旋,北部形成的深水团等。概述了日本海环流状况,着重介绍了对马海峡、郁陵海盆环流情形和日本海特征水团;总结了目前仍存在的争议问题,如对马暖流源头、对马暖流空间结构等;指出了目前日本海尚待解决的科学问题,如对马暖流流量的长期变化及其原因、东韩暖流消失现象及其机制、日本海特征水的传播路径及其影响因素、日本海的某些变化产生原因及其与全球变化的响应等。     

城镇黑臭河道治理:多水塘活水链人工湿地的应用

随着现代工业的发展,城市黑臭河道问题日趋严重,严重影响了城市形象、生态环境和居民身心健康。利用多水塘活水链人工湿地技术净化江苏常州永胜河河水水质。监测结果显示:该技术使水体总氮浓度削减了92.0%、总磷浓度削减了82.9%,处理后的水体总氮、总磷含量达到地表IV类水标准。项目年处理水量约30万t,每年以较低的成本(平均水处理费用约为0.03元/t),削减总氮、总磷和氨氮量分别为1496.6 kg、176.0 kg和1408.6 kg。通过引植多种浮叶植物、挺水植物、沉水植物,该湿地修复工程为当地营造了优美的湿地景观。多水塘活水链人工湿地是集经济效益、生态效益、环境效益于一体的新型水体生态治理技术,为我国城镇黑臭河道治理提供了一条新的途径。