大洋核杂岩与拆离断层研究进展

大洋核杂岩和拆离断层是洋中脊中发育的重要构造,被广泛关注。拆离断层一般为长期活动的,低角度的,大断距的正断层,绝大多数形成于慢速和超慢速扩张洋中脊的内侧角上,其将地壳深部和上地幔的物质拆离到海底面形成大洋核杂岩。大洋核杂岩因其表面发育了窗棱构造,在多波束图像上更容易识别。大洋核杂岩所处的地壳年龄较年轻,为0~10Ma。洋中脊半扩张速率约为10mm/a,具有不对称扩张的特点,有拆离断层的一侧扩张速率更快。在大洋核杂岩取得的岩芯中代表性岩石为辉长岩,地震资料解释认为大洋核杂岩下具有一个大的辉长岩侵入体。发育大洋核杂岩和拆离断层的区域有升高的布格重力异常,高的P波速度和抬升的莫霍面。拆离断层起源于岩浆供给不足的区域,大多在大洋中脊洋脊段(segment)的末端,其演化会受到上地幔辉长岩体侵入的影响,通过旋转铰链的模式进行。总结了全球大洋核杂岩和拆离断层的分布情况,讨论了其岩石特征、地球物理场特征,探讨其成因机制和演化模式,并探讨了未来的研究方向。     

地—空界面天然中子辐射场的扰动及其环境意义

介绍了地—空界面天然中子流的来源和轻便型天然中子流测量仪器。论述了地—空界面天然中子辐射场的扰动。理论与长期观测表明,在地—空界面上天然中子流注量率随高程的增加而呈指数规律增加,而在近地表(20m内)却随距地面高度的增加而呈指数规律减少;天然中子流注量率与大气压力呈负相关关系,气压系数为(-0.060～-0.064)中子计数/30min/kPa;地—空界面天然中子流的纬度效应与高空中更显著;天然中子流注量率异常与气象的变化密切相关;地表介质的含水率增高,则地—空界面上升快中子流明显降低。通过对地一空界面天然中子流测量,可以揭示气象的瞬态变化、确定地表介质的含水率的关系,以及在地震预报与环境电离辐射评价方面具有重要的科学意义与实用价值。     

GPS气象学研究及应用的进展与前景

概述了GPS气象学的形成、发展过程及其主要研究内容,对GPS气象学基本原理作了简单介绍。比较全面、系统地分析了国内外GPS技术在气象学研究及应用方面的现状及最新进展,展望了GPS气象学潜在的应用领域以及广阔的应用前景。     

沈北煤田煤中琥珀的植物来源和稳定同位素的古环境意义

琥珀是由古代植物代谢产生的树脂聚合物形成的化石。琥珀中的有机质保存环境稳定、封闭,能很好地记载其形成时期的古植物和古环境等信息。本次研究运用气象色谱质谱联用仪（GC-MS）和元素分析稳定同位素质谱仪（EA-IRMS）等测试方法,研究了沈北煤田煤中琥珀的有机地球化学组成、稳定同位素和化合物单体碳同位素特征。结果表明,琥珀中的饱和烃以二萜化合物为主（占73.45%）,芳香烃以松香烷型化合物为主（56.17%）;高含量的贝壳杉烷、雪松烷、扁枝烷和松香烷型化合物指示琥珀来源于松柏类植物,且以柏科植物为主。沈北琥珀的δ13C值为-22.8‰ ~ -21.2‰,与同时期其他地区琥珀的δ13C值相似;氢同位素变化范围较小（-297.2‰ ~ -276.0‰）,氧同位素值为17.4‰ ~ 31.6‰。琥珀的稳定同位素组成（碳、氢和氧）进一步证明琥珀来源于裸子植物。琥珀的δ13C值主要与其形成时的全球气温变化和大气组成有关。沈北琥珀的氢和氧同位素组成主要受植物种类（松柏类）以及植物生长的局部气温和降水条件有关。琥珀稳定碳同位素有望成为研究古气候和古大气组成的良好载体,琥珀的氢和氧同位素可以反映形成时期的古环境条件,但仍需进一步深入研究。     

全站仪水域面积测量及其精度分析

水域面积测量的特殊性,决定了采用传统的面积测量方法很难实时地得到水域的覆盖面积。全站仪提供的面积测量功能很好地弥补了这个缺憾并能够提供较高的成果精度。阐述了全站仪面积测量的原理与方法,对全站仪水域面积测量中误差的计算公式进行了讨论,并分析了水域面积的测量精度,得出了几点有益的结论。     

致密砂岩的形成机制及其地质意义——以塔里木盆地英南2井为例

砂质岩的孔隙和喉道被网格状粘土矿物和次生加大矿物充填成微细孔喉状结构时,形成具有较高毛细管压力的致密砂岩。它与地层水发生水锁效应,可大大降低渗透率,成为致密砂岩盖层。当含水饱和度在50%以下时,束缚水饱和度比较低,致密砂岩储层可以产气;当含水饱和度在50%～90%区间时,具有较高的束缚水饱和度,相对渗透率非常低,它既不能产气也不能产水,反映为渗透率瓶颈区(具有盖层性质);当含水饱和度大于90%以上时,致密砂岩储层仅微量产水。塔里木盆地英南2井侏罗系气藏盖层由致密砂岩构成,不含水时的气体渗透率在(0.027～0.081)×10-3μm2,不能构成封堵;当含水饱和度达到60%以上时,相对渗透率几乎为零,构成有效盖层。     

注水诱发地震的成因及影响因素探讨

根据胜利油田东营凹陷深井注水所监测到的破裂信号特征分析,结合位于同一凹陷内的角7井注水诱发地震特征,对注水诱发地震的成因进行了探讨.注水过程中地层有无先存破裂面对所诱发的地震产生较大影响,认为诱发地震的震级与注采比和注水井的构造位置密切相关.     

The influence of grain-size analysis methods and sediment mixing on curve shapes and textural parameters: Implications for sediment trend analysis

To this day, deterministic physical models capable of explaining the evolution of grain-size distributions in the course of transport are still lacking. For this reason, various attributes of particle frequency distributions, in particular curve shapes and textural parameters, have for many decades been investigated for potential information about transport behaviour and size-sorting processes of sediments in numerous environments. Such approaches are essentially conceptual and hence rely heavily on the validity of the assumptions on which they are based. A factor which has to date been largely ignored in this context, is the fact that different methods of grain-size analysis (e. g. sieving, laser absorption and diffraction, settling velocity measurements), when applied to the same sample material, produce variable curve shapes, and hence incongruous textural data. This is illustrated by selected examples showing the differences between sieving and settling results, conversion of settling velocities into equivalent settling diameters (psi-phi-transformations), and the influences of particle shape, particle density, and water temperature. It is demonstrated that particle-size distributions are not only method-dependent but also dependent on the adopted post-processing procedure. As a result, only frequency curves generated by the same method and subsequently processed by identical computational procedures can be meaningfully compared. Furthermore, the computation of textural parameters from bi- or multimodal size distributions produces spurious results which are unrelated to the processes leading to the mixing of different size populations frequently observed in nature. In such cases, only the decomposition of such distributions into individual populations and the spatial comparison of such populations makes any sense. Because a physical explanation for the generation of size distributions is lacking, a particular curve shape of a grain-size population has no meaning on its own. Only a systematic comparison of progressively changing curve shapes (and associated textural parameters) of sediments collected on a closely spaced grid can yield data suitable for sediment trend analysis.     

Controls on the nature and distribution of an alga in coal mine-waste environments and its potential impact on water quality

 A dominant non-bacterial microorganism that may strongly impact environmental conditions in acid mine drainage at several Indiana coal mine sites is a single-celled protozoan, Euglena mutabilis. Field data suggest E. mutabilis has high tolerance for elevated total dissolved solids (TDS), to 18 g/l, and acid conditions to pH 1.7. Distribution is restricted to unmixed effluent pH<4.6, with prolific growth between pH 3.0 and 3.5. Additional factors influencing E. mutabilis include preference for areas with lower mineral/colloidal precipitation rates and a stable substrate of iron-rich precipitates. Initial studies indicate that in areas of prolific growth it contributes to oversaturation of dissolved oxygen by up to 200%. The presence of small orange intracellular crystalline-like structures, similar in color to iron oxyhydroxides, suggests that E. mutabilis may be sequestering iron, and possibly other metals. Further work is needed to determine if E. mutabilis contributes to natural mitigation of poor water quality at these and other coal mine sites. Received: 13 January 2000 · Accepted: 2 May 2000     

DIAGNOSIS ON LOW FREQUENCY COMPONENT OF ENSO VARIABILITY—PART Ⅱ:ORIGIN OF THE COMPONENT

Diagnosis is undertaken on the origin for the low-frequency component (LFC) of ENSOvariability in the context of 1979—1990 OLR and u-wind datasets.Evidence suggests that ① apower spectrum-yielded maximum,significant statistically,is derived from the OLR monthlyanomalies in a 3—5-year period range over the tropical central/western Pacific;②compositeanalysis of the signals of the monthly anomaly low frequency component (period>3 years)confirms further the dynamic features of the component as documented in Part Ⅰ:③serving asforcing on ENSO,the related monsoon region represents the source area of the component;④theone-point correlation maps of unfiltered OLR monthly anomalies with zonal wind on a lagged,asimultaneous and a leading basis show clearly the close relation between the u wind-associatedeastward travelling low-frequency wave and the low-frequency oscillation of low-latitude central/western Pacific large-scale convection and the east-moving mode is likely to be excited by theoscillation at a 3—5-year period range.It follows that the large-scale convection oscillation showsup as the origin of the eastward waves,i.e.,ENSO LFC.