威海市城市垃圾填埋场选址地质环境适宜性评价

威海是"最适宜人类居住的地方",但随着城市建设的快速发展,城市垃圾产生量不断增加,垃圾填埋场选址问题亟待解决。以威海市环翠区为研究对象,综合考虑地形地貌、土地利用规划、交通、水利规划、气象、地质、水文地质、工程地质、环境地质等多方面因素及经济效益和环境效益,从地质环境角度出发,选取5个层次共15个评价因子,采用层次—网格法进行了垃圾填埋场选址区划分析研究,划分出垃圾可填埋区、限制填埋区、禁止填埋区。并在限制填埋区和可填埋区,进一步优选出几个垃圾填埋场地的首选场址,可供规划、设计部门参考。     

Pyrite formation driven by MSW landfill leachate in the Madrid Basin, Spain

The role of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachate on the genesis of minor amounts of pyrite associated with gypsum in an otherwise predominantly evaporitic sequence was studied in geological and geochemical terms. The potential association between landfill leachate and the conditions required for bacterial reduction of sulfate and fixation of H₂S as pyrite were examined. The lithological column was generally found to contain little or no Fe. The δ³⁴S values for sulfates were consistent with previously reported data; however, the measured δ¹⁸O values were slightly higher. Sulfides disseminated in the marl/lutite exhibited higher δ³⁴S values (≈−8‰) than gypsum-coating pyrite crystals (δ³⁴S < −30‰). Dissolution of gypsum to sulfate and the supply of metabolizable organic matter and Fe required for H₂S fixation as sulfides may have originated from landfill leachate. Intermittent availability of leachate, a result of the precipitation regime, can facilitate sulfur disproportionation and lead to fractionations as high as      

Environmental impact of uncontrolled waste disposal in mining and industrial areas in Central Germany

The present-day landscape in Central Germany, in particular the region of Leipzig, Halle and Bitterfeld, is characterized by the scars of former industrial activities. Vast districts have been devastated by lignite strip mining. Industrial and domestic waste, residues from ore smelting, and highly toxic waste products from petrochemical plants and pesticide production were deposited in abandoned pits near population centers. The chief effects of waste on the environment are the contamination of groundwater by dissolved pollutants, the acidification of soil and water by the oxidation of pyrite-containing mining waste, and the salinization of shallow aquifers by rising brines from adjacent confined groundwater affected by mining. The consequences for the region are serious: mining lakes used for recreational purposes are contaminated by leachates from adjacent waste dumps. Pyrite-containing refuse from lignite mining under oxidation gives rise to the acidification of surface and groundwater, a basic condition for pollutant mobilization. In former metal mining districts, metalliferous and radioactive residues from smelting jeopardize public health. These effects are described in detail using three case studies. Received: 30 July 1996 · Accepted: 24 February 1997     

生活垃圾卫生填埋地质环境(LFGE)效应的系统分析方法研究——以上海浦东新区为例

在系统分析总结国内外本领域的研究发展现状的基础上,以上海浦东新区城市生活垃圾卫生填埋处理为研究背景,首次提出ＬＦＧＥ效应系统分析方法的完整理论和应用体系,体系主要包括：ＬＦＧＥ效应的主控因素特征分析;在垃圾淋滤试验、有关土的工程性能试验和反映运移转化特征的土柱试验基础上的作用机制研究;具单元、组合、整体模拟及压实效应模拟功能的模拟计算研究;在不确定性条件存在下,随机模拟研究和以贝叶斯决策分析理论为基础的ＬＦＧＥ效应决策分析技术经济转换研究     

Fate of individual sewage disposal system wastewater within regolith in mountainous terrain

In order to improve understanding of the fate of septic tank or individual sewage disposal system (ISDS) effluent in regolith overlying fractured-rock aquifers, effluent from an ISDS in such a setting was tracked via geophysical, hydrological, and geochemical methods. Under typical precipitation conditions, the effluent entered the fractured bedrock within 5 m of the boundary of the constructed infiltration area. During a period of unusually high spring recharge, the plume migrated between 50 and 100 m within the regolith before infiltrating the fractured bedrock. The chemical signature of the effluent is similar to that required to account for the decline in water quality, suggesting a causative relationship (as estimated from mass-balance models of the surface-water chemistry near the mouth of the basin). The elevated salt content of the effluent during periods of high natural recharge to the infiltration area correlates with elevated salt concentrations in surface and groundwater at the basin scale, suggesting that some of the effluent salt load may be stored in the unsaturated zone during dry periods and flushed during periods of elevated natural recharge.     

High-level waste disposal,ethics and thermodynamics

Moral philosophy applied to nuclear waste disposal can be linked to paradigmatic science. Simple thermodynamic principles tell us something about rightness or wrongness of our action. Ethical judgement can be orientated towards the chemical compatibility between waste container and geological repository. A container-repository system as close as possible to thermodynamic equilibrium is ethically acceptable. It aims at unlimited stability, similar to the stability of natural metal deposits within the Earth’s crust. The practicability of the guideline can be demonstrated.     

Mineralogical and geochemical characterisation of open-air tailing and waste-rock dumps from the Libiola Fe-Cu sulphide mine (Eastern Liguria,Italy)

Active acid mine drainage (AMD) processes at the Libiola Fe-Cu sulphides mine are mainly triggered by water–rock interaction occurring within open-air tailing and waste-rock dumps. These processes are mainly controlled by exposure to weathering agents, the grain size of the dumped materials, and by the quantity of sulphides, the sulphide types, and their mode of occurrence. Due to these factors, several paragenetic stages of evolution have been recognised at different depths at different sites and within the same site. The dump samples were investigated with mineralogical (reflected- and transmitted-light optical microscopy, XRPD, and SEM-EDS) and geochemical (ICP-AES, Leco) techniques. The AMD evaluation of the tailing and waste-rock samples was performed by calculating the Maximum Potential Acidity, the Acid Neutralising Capacity, (and the Net Acid Producing Potential. The results allowed us to demonstrate that the open-air tailings had already superseded their AMD apex and are now practically inert material composed mainly of stable goethite ± lepidocrocite ± hematite assemblages. On the contrary, the sulphide-rich waste rocks still have a strong potential to produce long term AMD, causing the acidification of circulating waters and the release of several hazardous elements.     

Evaluation of landfill disposal boundary by means of electrical resistivity imaging

This paper deals with an employment of electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) for survey of leachate content on the waste disposal site in Northern Israel. The research consisted of conducting ten ERI lines and drilling investigation wells. Data simulation used a 2D EarthImager inversion program. Analysis of 2D ERI interpretation results shows that determination of the boundary between the landfill body bottom intensively saturated with leachates and underlying layers of highly water saturated fat nonconsolidated clays presents a challenge. However, statistical analysis of ERI data indicates that standard deviation and confidence interval of a set of resistivity data measured in the landfill body are significantly larger than those in underlying clays. Moreover, maximum changes of these parameters are found on the boundary between landfill body and underlying soil, thus reflecting natural differences in scattering of resistivity data measured in these two objects.     

Land-based sources of pollution along the Izmit Bay and their effect on the coastal waters

The degree and the contribution of each point source to the pollution were determined in the Izmit Bay during the period 1999–2000. During 8 campaigns, samples from 11 points in the channels and water samples from 5 points in the coastal sea were collected for chemical analysis. The important pollutant parameters taken into account are inflow of total organic carbon (TOC), total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), nitrate, ortho-phosphate, ammonia and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (t-PAHs) in the discharge channels, and TOC, TSS, nitrate, ortho-phosphate, chlorophyll-a, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and salinity in the coastal stations of the Bay. It should be pointed out that the industrial wastewaters entering the bay are partially treated but domestic wastes are discharged directly into the surface waters without any treatment. Of the pollution parameters measured in the channels, the highest concentrations, except TP, were observed in the Dil River and in the Eastern Channel. Concentrations of TOC, TSS, TN, TP, ammonia, nitrate and o-phosphate were found at concentrations of 231, 290, 152, 3.8, 16, 79, and 3.07 mg/L, respectively. Annual inflows of TOC were 21,301, 580, and 775 t/year and for TSS were 26,742, 585, and 1505 t/year in the western, central and eastern parts, respectively. The results show that the water quality of the bay has been deteriorated and 80% of the pollution was caused by Dil River for all parameters measured.     

Some Advantages of the Duckweed Test to Assess the Toxicity of Environmental Samples

In Germany, wastewater legislation requires all municipal and industrial leachate to be subjected to toxicity tests. However, no phytotoxicity tests using higher plants are currently included among the standard tests. Freshwater microalgae have been used in most phytotoxicity tests and have often been considered as surrogates for higher plants. However, microalgae often do not show the same sensitivity as higher plants and have major disadvantages for the testing of unmodified environmental samples. In the following study, we evaluated the suitability of the giant duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza for assessing the toxicity of a municipal landfill leachate and two leachates of copper mining residue. Duckweed static toxicity tests were performed, and frond number was the endpoint used to calculate EC₅₀ values. Symptoms of stress (chlorosis, necrosis, root destruction, and colony breakup) were also recorded. The landfill leachate was toxic with EC_50;96h values ranging from 1.3 to 2.7% leachate (v/v). Toxicity of the copper slag leachate was largely determined by the elution method used. Leachate obtained using conventional German leaching methods (S4-eluate) was not toxic to duckweed, whereas EC₅₀ values for the pH_stat4-eluate ranged from 3.2 to 4.2% leachate (v/v). The results demonstrate the suitability of S. polyrhiza for the testing of unmodified wastewater samples and provide further evidence for the addition of a duckweed toxicity test to the standard tests conducted in Germany.