长三角典型城郊流域溶解性有机质的分子特征:以浙江樟溪为例

溶解性有机质(DOM)在流域水环境中广泛存在,参与各种生物地球化学循环过程。快速的城镇化过程和人类活动显著改变了流域水体DOM含量和特性,从分子层面上解析DOM在流域尺度上的时空分异特征对流域水质管控具有重要的理论和应用价值。以长三角地区樟溪流域为研究对象,依据土地利用和人类活动强度布设采样点,于2022年7月采集水样。结果表明,樟溪流域水体溶解性有机物主要的分子式元素组成为CHO、CHON、CHOS,其中木质素/富羧酸脂环分子类有机物相对占比最高。在子流域空间分布上,人类活动强的子流域CHON、CHONS类型化合物含量更高。选取采样点距城镇距离、距源头距离以及土地利用类型所占采样点缓冲区的比例来表征人类活动的影响。结果表明,流域内DOM杂原子受人类活动强度影响,距源头的距离与水体DOM分子中氮原子的强度加权平均值(N_wa)和CHON化合物百分呈显著正相关,与碳、氢原子和荷质比的强度加权平均值(C_wa、H_wa、m/z_wa)呈显著负相关。CHON分子的相对丰度与林地面积比例呈显著负相关,与农业用地比例呈显著正相关。比较具有典型土地利用类型的水体DOM:典型农田、城镇土地利用类型DOM含有更多独特的CHON分子式,农田DOM在木质素/富羧酸脂环分子区域出现CHON分子式的富集,城镇DOM在脂肪类和木质素/富羧酸脂环分子区域均出现了CHON分子式富集。研究表明在城郊流域中,人类活动显著改变了水体DOM的分子特征,增加了分子多样性,促进了特定分子式的富集。     

1975—2015年甘肃省白龙江流域自然保护区生态系统服务价值及其时空差异

利用1975-2015年7期遥感数据重建甘肃省白龙江流域8个野生动物自然保护区的生态系统时空变化特征,并在对该研究区各类生态系统服务价值当量修订的基础上,采用生态系统服务价值评估模型和敏感性指数,对不同时期的生态系统服务价值进行评估。结果表明:(1)白龙江流域自然保护区以森林生态系统为主,研究期内生态系统格局总体稳定,农田和裸地生态系统面积减少,而森林、草地、水域和人工表面生态系统呈增加趋势,且在2000年后变化最活跃。(2)研究区生态系统服务价值由1975年的239.68×10^8元上升到2015年的243.58×10^8元,净增加3.90×10^8元,农田和裸地生态系统服务价值持续减少,而森林、草地和水域生态系统服务价值则呈增加趋势。(3)整体上,研究区南部生态系统服务价值呈增长趋势,而中北部地区则处于阶段性变化状态,文县大鲵自然保护区单位面积生态系统服务价值密度最高,多儿自然保护区价值密度最低,且为唯一衰退型保护区。(4)在不同生态系统服务类型中,调节服务居主导地位,且以气候调节服务价值最高。白龙江流域自然保护区生态系统服务价值缺乏弹性,水域生态系统面积变化对研究区生态系统服务价值的变化具有放大作用。     

流域管理基本法则研究——以长江流域系统管理为例

流域是自然形成的水动力系统,流域管理是以水资源为中心的科学管理管理"是用法律、规范、条例、办法等来实现的,而流域是复杂的系统,具有整体性、动态性、耗散性, 同时它是人类赖以生存的资源环境.因此流域管理就应该顺应河流流水的动态变化.长江流域的管理是一项系统工程,应坚持以综合管理为根本、以科学预测为基础、以降低熵值为目标、以环境安全为核心.即在坚持整体综合全面统筹的前提下,其治理和开发必须以科学预测为基础,尤其是洪涝灾害的治理应该有中长期的灾害预测作为启动治理工程的根据;同时管理的目标是降低系统熵值以加大系统稳定性和有序性;还有长江流域管理的核心任务是流域环境安全,以保证流域经济、社会和生态的可持续发展.     

Association between trophic state,watershed use,and blooms of cyanobacteria in south-central Chile

An increase in the distribution and frequency of cyanobacterial blooms has been reported for many regions worldwide. Due to this fact, we studied the variables that influence the abundance of natural populations of planktonic cyanobacteria in temperate lakes of central and southern Chile. These lakes differed in trophic state and watershed use. Cyanobacteria dominated in meso- and eutrophic systems and their occurrence correlated to watershed use (tree plantations and urban). Ochrophyta and Bacillariophyta were dominant in oligotrophic lakes, where native forest dominated land usage. In these lakes, the maximum depth of the euphotic zone influenced the community structure and the genera of cyanobacteria. Dolichospermum was the most abundant, frequent, and widely distributed genus, found in oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes, forming blooms in eutrophic systems.The concentration of total phosphorus and total nitrogen positively influenced cyanobacterial abundance and bloom formation, mainly by Aphanizomenon, Aphanocapsa, Aphanothece, and Dolichospermum, and Microcystis.In contrast to many reports on their occurrence in the northern hemisphere, these genera occurred widely at less than 20 °C, forming dispersive blooms, at low temperatures in autumn and winter (10.8–15.6 °C). This shows that eutrophication is the main factor for bloom formation and these genera can form blooms independent of temperature. However, some genera, such as Microcystis, increased their abundance and presented more intense blooms (scums) at high temperatures. Our study provides baseline data to document long-term changes in lentic systems of the western south-central area of South America, including genera that could respond by increasing their abundance with eutrophication and projected climatic changes.     

Spatial organization of macroinvertebrate assemblages in the Lower Mekong Basin

In this study, we investigated patterns of spatial variation in macroinvertebrate assemblages in the Lower Mekong Basin (LMB) and examined their relationship with environmental factors. Cluster analysis was used to group macroinvertebrate samples and Linear Discriminant Analysis was performed to discriminate the major factors associated with the macroinvertebrate assemblages. Four clusters could be distinguished based on the dissimilarity between macroinvertebrate assemblages. The assemblages related to the tributaries and the upstream parts (cluster II) were characterized by a lower richness, abundance, diversity and a lower number of indicator taxa compared to the assemblage found downstream in the Mekong delta (cluster I). Aquatic insects and their indicator taxa (e.g. Caenodes sp., Dipseudopsis sp. and Gomphidae sp.), preferring a high-altitude environment with a high dissolved oxygen concentration and a high density of wood/shrub and evergreen forests, were the most predominant group in the assemblages occupying the tributaries and the upstream parts (cluster IIa). The assemblage found in the delta, consisting largely of molluscs and a moderate richness and abundance of worms, crustaceans and dipteran insects, was mainly represented by Corbicula leviuscula and C. moreletiana (molluscs), Namalycastis longicirris and Chaetogaster langi (worms), Corophium minutum and Grandidierella lignorum (crustaceans), and Cricotopus sp. and Clinotanypus sp. (dipteran insects). This assemblage was associated with a large watershed surface area, deep and wide rivers and a high water temperature. The intermediate assemblage (cluster IIb1) in-between could be discriminated based on land cover types including inundated, wetland and agricultural land, and was represented most by molluscs. Strikingly, the assemblage occupying the upstream parts (cluster IIa), which is related to intensified agriculture and a moderate conductivity, was characterized by a higher macroinvertebrate diversity compared to the mountainous and less impacted tributaries. This could mean that the natural stress is high in these systems for some taxa, leading to a lower overall taxonomic richness and abundance. Nevertheless, the number of taxa and the diversity of macroinvertebrates remained relatively high across the basin, especially in the delta assemblage. Therefore, the LMB deserves a particular attention for conservation.     

流域水文模型研究的进展

流域水文模型是对流域上发生的水文过程进行模拟计算的数学模型 ,在水文过程模拟中 ,对流域内的产流 ,坡面汇流以及河道汇流过程的模拟是很重要的。坡面产汇流模型模拟从降水到流域产流和流域坡面汇流的水文子过程 ,河道演进模型模拟河网汇流水文子过程 ,现有的水文模型大多数是没有考虑水文变量和水文参数空间变化的概念性水文模型。随着地理信息技术的发展 ,考虑水文变量和水文参数空间变化的分布式水文模型得到了极大的重视与发展 ,而且 ,遥感技术的发展满足了分布式水文模型对空间信息的需求.     

Incorporating variable source area hydrology into a curve-number-based watershed model

Many water quality models use some form of the curve number (CN) equation developed by the Soil Conservation Service (SCS; U.S. Depart of Agriculture) to predict storm runoff from watersheds based on an infiltration-excess response to rainfall. However, in humid, well-vegetated areas with shallow soils, such as in the northeastern USA, the predominant runoff generating mechanism is saturation-excess on variable source areas (VSAs). We reconceptualized the SCS–CN equation for VSAs, and incorporated it into the General Watershed Loading Function (GWLF) model. The new version of GWLF, named the Variable Source Loading Function (VSLF) model, simulates the watershed runoff response to rainfall using the standard SCS–CN equation, but spatially distributes the runoff response according to a soil wetness index. We spatially validated VSLF runoff predictions and compared VSLF to GWLF for a subwatershed of the New York City Water Supply System. The spatial distribution of runoff from VSLF is more physically realistic than the estimates from GWLF. This has important consequences for water quality modeling, and for the use of models to evaluate and guide watershed management, because correctly predicting the coincidence of runoff generation and pollutant sources is critical to simulating non-point source (NPS) pollution transported by runoff. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Examining the relationship between wetland alteration and watershed flooding in Texas and Florida

Inland flooding remains one of the greatest threats to the safety of human population in the United States (US). While few large-scale studies exist, the potential role of naturally occurring wetlands in mitigating flood duration and intensity has been widely discussed. This study examines the relationship between wetland alteration and coastal watershed flooding in Texas and Florida over a 12-year period. Specifically, we geo-reference wetland alteration permits required under Section 404 of the US Clean Water Act and correlate the number of granted permits with the degree of flooding measured by stream gauge data. Results indicate that specific types of federal permits exacerbate flooding events in coastal watersheds while controlling for various environmental and socioeconomic characteristics.     

塔里木河流域生态系统健康评价指标体系的构建

流域生态系统健康评价研究是目前生态学研究的一个新概念、新问题,旨在探讨在人类强烈活动干扰下遭忖受严重污染与退化的流域生态系统的健康问题,生态系统健康是人类与环境间的相互协调关系及实现生态可持续发展的重要基础.依据野外调查资料、遥感影像和社会经济数据,分析表明：水资源是决定塔里木河流域生态系统健康与否的关键因素,人类对水资源的不合理开发利用是导致本流域生态环境恶化的根本原因.因此从水资源、生物多样性、生态系统的弹性和经济社会几方面的健康出发,选取相应的一系列指标,构建了塔里木河流域生态系统健康评价指标体系,并确立了各指标健康程度的度量标准.从而为本流域的生态环境管理提供可参考的理论基础.     

An innovative methodology for the prioritization of sub-catchments for flood control

Iran is dominated by arid and semi-arid climate with sporadic rainfall which creates seasonal floods and causes considerable damages and occasionally loss of life. The current research with the aim of flood damage reduction presents an innovative applied methodology for spatial optimization of flood control measures based on sub-catchments location. The presented methodology determines the contribution of each sub-catchment to the main catchment outlet flood peak and prioritizes sub-catchments for implementation of flood control measures. For this purpose catchment flood hydrographs are simulated by calibration and evaluation of a hydrologic model. The isochrones of the catchment have been computed and drawn and sub-catchment spatial distribution is investigated in relation to isochronal areas. Considering both spatial distribution and flooding potential of sub-catchments and their combined effects on the flood peak, their contribution to flood peak was modified by implementing flood control measure. Testing of this methodology on an experimental catchment indicated that sub-catchments located near the centroid of the catchment with an area of 64.6 km² have the greatest effects on flood peak for the overall catchment with an area of 284.6 km². It was concluded that flood control measures should be concentrated in these sub-catchments as the first priority.