粤北岩溶山区连江流域植被覆盖度动态变化研究

基于多时相MODIS数据和归一化植被指数的像元二分模型以及GIS技术,分析了2001—2010年连江流域植被覆盖度的时空变化特征。结果表明:连江及其子流域、岩溶区与非岩溶区的植被覆盖度空间分布差异性明显;近10年来连江流域的植被覆盖度总体上呈下降趋势,高植被覆盖度与中度植被覆盖度的面积数量变化剧烈,较高植被覆盖度与较低植被覆盖度的面积相对稳定;岩溶区植被分布以较高植被覆盖度、中植被覆盖度和高植被覆盖度为主,其分布面积分别占整个流域面积的53.84%、25.59%、18.54%,而非岩溶区则以高植被覆盖度、较高植被覆盖度和中植被覆盖度为主,分别占整个流域面积的48.12%、34.10%、15.05%;近10年来流域的植被覆盖度下降明显,且空间分布范围广,植被覆盖度相对稳定的区域占整个流域面积的65%以上,植被覆盖度下降区的面积比上升区增加近20%。      

Identification of soil erosion and fluvial sediment problems

A computer model has been used to estimate soil loss and sediment yield from irregular field-size units of small watersheds. Input to the model includes spring data (i.e. relating to February through May) for the independent variables of the Universal Soil Loss Equation, and for factors such as surface roughness, an index of overland runoff, and proximity to the stream. Output from the model includes maps of seasonal estimates of potential soil losses, field sediment delivery ratios, and expected sediment yields. On the basis of selected erosion and sediment yield tolerances, the output information has been analysed to identify watershed areas which (1) exhibit both erosion and sediment yield problems; (2) exhibit only erosion problems; (3) exhibit only sediment yield problems; and (4) exhibit neither erosion nor sediment yield problems. The percentage of the watershed area in each category and the percentage of the watershed soil loss and sediment loads contributed by each category are also identified. Application of the procedure for planning remedial control programs for five watersheds is discussed.     

Erosion balance in the watersheds of the western Paris Basin by high-frequency monitoring of discharge and suspended sediment in surface water

An accurate quantification of erosion, based on high-frequency monitoring of river discharge and suspended sediment fluxes is proposed for two watersheds in the western Paris Basin, a sensitive area with respect to erosion phenomena. This continuous monitoring makes it possible to include flood events of short duration, but significant erosion potential. The obtained erosion rate (16 and 21 t?km^?2?yr^?1) is among the weakest of the planet (3.5 to 18?000 t?km^?2?yr^?1). However, this annual balance does not reflect the behaviour of these rivers which can be torrential in certain cases. To cite this article: B. Laignel et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006).     

Inadvertent alkalization of a Florida lake caused by increased ionic and nutrient loading to its watershed

We evaluate the effects of land-use change since c.1890 on Little Lake Jackson in south-central Florida, USA. The lake currently is alkaline despite the prevalence of acidic lakes in the region. Watershed soils are acidic and poorly drained, but are underlain by limestone bedrock. Limnetic pH inferences, based on weighted-averaging tolerance regression of sedimented diatoms, indicate that Little Lake Jackson became significantly alkalized during the 1900s. Two driving forces that appear to be responsible for water-quality change are increased ionic loading and increased nutrient loading. Golf courses and residential lawns in the watershed receive substantial applications of lime, fertilizer, and irrigation with alkaline waters from deep wells, some of which reaches the lake in channelized runoff. Stormwater runoff and septic leachate also contribute to nutrient and solute loading. Sedimentary total P accumulation increased 5-fold and total N accumulation increased 3-fold since c. 1890. δ¹⁵N values suggest agricultural and septic sources for N loading. Sedimented pigments, inferred limnetic chlorophyll a values, and δ¹³C values of organic matter indicate that increased primary productivity occurred. Surface and subsurface inflow is nutrient-rich but low in hardness. Increased cation deposition in sediments indicates that ionic input might have reduced the lake’s natural resistance to alkalization. Lake waters remain low in ionic content, which suggests that the addition of base from carbonate sources is not responsible for all of the observed alkalization. Acid neutralization might have been facilitated by phosphate loading that led to increased base generation through greater nitrate assimilation. Inadvertent alkalization might occur commonly in regions where poorly buffered lakes are subject to significant ionic and nutrient loading from agriculture, turfgrass, and septic sources in their watersheds.     

A Regional-Scale Method of Forecasting Debris Flow Events Based on Water-Soil Coupling Mechanism

A debris flow forecast model based on a water-soil coupling mechanism that takes the debrisflow watershed as a basic forecast unit was established here for the prediction of disasters at the watershed scale.This was achieved through advances in our understanding of the formation mechanism of debris flow.To expand the applicable spatial scale of this forecasting model,a method of identifying potential debris flow watersheds was used to locate areas vulnerable to debris flow within a forecast region.Using these watersheds as forecasting units and a prediction method based on the water-soil coupling mechanism,a new forecasting method of debris flow at the regional scale was established.In order to test the prediction ability of this new forecasting method,the Sichuan province,China was selected as a study zone and the large-scale debris flow disasters attributable to heavy rainfall in this region on July 9,2013 were taken as the study case.According to debris flow disaster data on July 9,2013 which were provided by the geo-environmental monitoring station of Sichuan province,there were 252 watersheds in which debris flow events actually occurred.The current model predicted that 265 watersheds were likely to experience a debris flow event.Among these,43 towns including 204 debrisflow watersheds were successfully forecasted and 24 towns including 48 watersheds failed.The false prediction rate and failure prediction rate of thisforecast model were 23% and 19%,respectively.The results show that this method is more accurate and more applicable than traditional methods.     

Geochemistry and genesis of magmatic PGE-bearing Cu-Ni sulphide deposit in Wadi Bayhan，southeastern Yemen

The Wadi Bayhan mafic-ultramafic intrusions associated with magmatic PGE-bearing Cu-Ni sulphide deposit are located in the south margin of the Arabian-Nubian Shield,SW Yemen.The intrusions consist of dunite,olivine-pyroxenite,lherzolite,hornblendite,gabbro and gabbronorite.The dunite and lherzolite are the main host rock for the Cu-Ni ores.The new data of the chemical compositions of the rocks have SiO2(50%-53.6%),Al2O3(0-32%) and MgO(4%-28%),and relatively low TiO2(0-3.2%) and K2O+Na2O(0.04%-5.2%).The geochemical characteristics indicate that the parental magma is high-magnesium tholeiitic.Sulfur had reached saturation and immiscible sulfides droplets segregated from silicate magmas before their emplacement.     

Sedimentary environments and depositional characteristics of the Middle to Upper Eocene whale‐bearing succession in the Fayum Depression,Egypt

The discovery of whale fossils from Eocene strata in the Fayum Depression has provoked interest in the life and lifestyle of early whales. Excellent outcrop exposure also affords the dataset to develop sedimentological and stratigraphic models within the Eocene strata. Previous work generally asserts that the thick, sand‐rich deposits of the Fayum Depression represent shoreface and barrier island successions with fine‐grained lagoonal and fluvial associations capping progradational successions. However, a complete absence of wave‐generated sedimentary structures, a preponderance of thoroughly bioturbated strata and increasingly proximal sedimentary successions upwards are contrary to accepted models of the local sedimentological and stratigraphic development. This study considers data collected from two Middle to Upper Eocene successions exposed in outcrop in the Wadi El‐Hitan and Qasr El‐Sagha areas of the Fayum Depression to determine the depositional affinities of Fayum strata. Based on sedimentological and ichnological data, five facies associations (Facies Association 1 to Facies Association 5) are identified. The biological and sedimentological characteristics of the reported facies associations indicate that the whale‐bearing sandstones (Facies Association 1) record distal positions in a large, open, quiescent marine bay that is abruptly succeeded by a bay‐margin environment (Facies Association 2). Upwards, marginal‐marine lagoonal and shallow‐bay parasequences (Facies Association 3) are overlain by thick deltaic distributary channel deposits (Facies Association 4). The capping unit (Facies Association 5) represents a transgressive estuarine depositional environment. The general stratigraphic evolution resulted from a regional, tectonically controlled second‐order cycle, associated with northward regression of the Tethys. Subordinate cycles (i.e. third‐order and fourth‐order cycles) are evidenced by several Glossifungites‐ichnofacies demarcated discontinuities, which were emplaced at the base of flooding surfaces. The proposed depositional models recognize the importance of identifying and linking ichnological data with physical–sedimentological observations. As such – with the exception of wave‐generated ravinement surfaces – earlier assertions of wave‐dominated sedimentation can be discarded. Moreover, this study provides important data for the recognition of (rarely reported) completely bioturbated sand‐dominated offshore to nearshore sediments (Facies Association 1) and affords excellent characterization of bioturbated inclined heterolithic stratification of deltaic deposits. Another outcome of the study is the recognition that the whales of the Fayum Depression are restricted to the highstand systems tracts, and lived under conditions of low depositional energy, low to moderate sedimentation rates, and (not surprisingly) in fully marine waters characterized by a high biomass.     

数字黑河的思考与实践1:为流域科学服务的数字流域

多学科数据的收集和积累、多学科模型的集成以及现代化的观测系统是发展流域科学的必要前提。"数字黑河"是为黑河流域科学研究和流域集成管理而搭建的集数据、模型和观测系统于一体的信息化平台,是"数字地球"在流域尺度上的一次实践性尝试。数字黑河由数据平台、模型平台和数字化观测系统组成,其核心是观测、数据和模型平台中的信息基础设施建设,但同时也外延而扩展为以流域综合模型为骨架的各种应用。"数字黑河"已阶段性地完成了数据集成,在线数据量超过1 000 GB,并实现了完全共享,有力地支持了黑河流域的各项研究工作;在模型集成方面已初步建成了流域综合模型和空间决策支持系统。"数字黑河"的进一步构想是在e-Science的框架下将数据系统、观测系统、模型系统、信息发布系统、高性能计算及科学计算可视化集成为一个整体。     

三岔河流域水文特征与化学风化碳汇效应

在喀斯特地区的流域产汇流过程中,由于富含碳酸的水体对可溶岩的溶蚀作用,导致河流断面输出大量溶解无机碳(DIC),反映了流域化学风化消耗大气CO2的强度,与流域水文过程密切相关。为了正确估算流域水文过程中化学径流及其碳汇效应,解析水文特征对流域地表过程中碳的生物地球化学行为的影响规律,以喀斯特地貌广布的三岔河流域三个水文站断面为例,研究了河源区河流水文特征与碳汇效应。结果表明:处于亚热带湿热环境下的喀斯特流域在观测水文年内,碳汇强度远大于非喀斯特的花岗岩流域且具有显著的季节变化,绝大部分的碳汇发生在高温多雨的6-11月。相关分析表明,流域碳汇强度与流域气温、降水和径流量呈显著的正相关关系;流域碳汇强度与河流总溶解固体物(TDS)浓度、DIC浓度呈显著的负相关关系。丰水期径流对河流TDS和DIC有明显的稀释效应。流域碳汇强度主要决定于河流TDS和DIC输出载荷而非河流TDS和DIC的浓度,与流域水文特征密切相关。     

潮河上游降水-径流关系演变及人类活动的影响分析

以潮河密云水库上游流域为研究对象, 利用双累积曲线将1961~2005 年期间年降水- 径 流关系演变划分为三个阶段: 1961~1978, 1979~1993, 1994~2005。第二和第三阶段相对第一阶段 而言, 平均年径流有较大幅度的减少, 年径流对降水的响应程度在减弱。与此相对应, 进入1980 年代后, 流域内的人类活动强度在增加, 主要表现为小水库、塘坝等水利设施的大规模建成并投 入使用, 以及农垦和造林等土地利用活动导致耕地和林地面积的增加。人类活动使得流域总蒸发 和入渗增加, 从而改变水量平衡, 径流对降水的响应变得迟缓, 减少流域总径流; 不同降水年型降 水- 径流的关系表现出很大差异, 人类活动对枯水年份年径流的影响相对较大。