世界主要国家水资源管理体制及对我国的启示

世界各国针对水资源架构了不同的管理体制。本文梳理了各大洲主要国家的水资源管理体制,分析了水资源管理历史进程与趋势,总结了各国的水资源管理可以分为地方管理为主型、流域管理为主型、多部门管理型、集中管理型和非政府管理型等五种主要体制类型。结合我国水资源管理中存在的问题,启示我们要转变管理目标,改革管理机构并对其职能进行整合,实现更有效的区域管理与流域管理,结合国情进行水资源管理体制的改革和创新。     

基于SWBD修复的SRTM DEM的1∶250000水系自动更新——以浙江省瓯江流域为例

以浙江省瓯江流域为例,基于SWBD修复的SRTM DEM数据,采用Arc Hydro Tools水文分析工具自动提取瓯江水系,并分地貌、分河流等级地定量评价水系数据精度,开展1∶250 000水系自动更新的可行性研究。结果表明：①SWBD修复的SRTM DEM的空白区域面积为54.78 km2,有效地弥补了SRTM DEM的数据缺失,进而提高了水系提取的准确度和精度;②与1∶250 000水系数据相比,基于SWBD修复后的SRTM DEM,在小起伏山、中起伏低山、低海拔丘陵上提取的水系数据精度高于其他地貌,而干流、一级支流、二级支流的精度又高于三级支流;③以资源三号卫星ZY-3遥感影像为参照,从水系上采集同名点反复比较点位精度后发现,利用SRTM DEM提取的水系符合制图规范和测绘内业规范（限差1 mm）,可以满足1∶250 000水系自动更新的要求。     

基于灰色关联法和德尔菲法的土壤侵蚀敏感性评价——以云南金沙江流域3个典型露天矿区为例

灰色关联法和德尔菲法是对系统中各因子的价值或贡献率进行评估的有效方法.土壤侵蚀敏感性的评价涉及自然界诸多因素,包括定性因素和定量因素,因此采用灰色关联法和德尔菲法进行土壤侵蚀敏感性评价将提高评价的效率和准确性.金沙江流域从上游到下游地理环境差异大,采用灰色关联法和德尔菲法对不同地理环境下的露天矿区进行土壤侵蚀敏感性评价,有助于流域的生态环境保护与治理.分别在该流域（云南部分）高山峡谷区、宽谷湖盆区、喀斯特中山丘陵区等3种地理环境下选取3个典型露天矿区为研究对象,以土壤质地、地形起伏度、坡度、植被覆盖度、植被类型、降水等6个因子作为评价指标,采用灰色关联度法、德尔菲法,在GIS软件平台下对3个典型露天矿区进行了土壤侵蚀敏感性评价,得出了3个典型露天矿区的土壤侵蚀敏感性.实践证明,两种方法与GIS相结合是实现土壤侵蚀敏感性评价的有效工具.     

Analysis of comprehensive benefits of transforming slope farmland to terraces on the Loess Plateau: A case study of the Yangou Watershed in Northern Shaanxi Province, China

De-farming slope farmland has been an effective measure in recent years to improve environment and prevent soil and water loss on the Loess Plateau.There are different views about the defarming method,and also various de-farming patterns have been put into practice.This paper takes the Yangou Watershed in Shaanxi Province of China as a case for studying the comprehensive benefits of transforming slope farmland to terraces.Based on the day-by-day meteorological data of the Yan'an station in 2005 and the data...     

Water Quality Modeling and Dissolved Oxygen Balance in Streams: A Point Source Streeter‐Phelps Application in the Case of the Harsit Stream

The Harsit Stream flowing into the Black Sea is an important watershed in the northeastern part of Turkey. The monthly averages of dissolved oxygen, carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, temperature, pH, total suspended solids, total phosphorus and total nitrogen were obtained for the water samples taken from the Tekke, Akcakale and Haciemin sites of the Harsit Stream. Water quality parameters were analyzed and evaluated according to the WHO standards and the Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation. Initially, the variations in the dissolved oxygen profile were determined from dissolved oxygen, temperature and carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand measurements by using the point source Streeter‐Phelps equation. Critical dissolved oxygen deficit values were calculated for the monthly average from January–December 2005, which are below the limit value (4 mg L^–1) excluding April (7.26 mg L^–1) and May (5.98 mg L^–1) in the Harsit Stream, resulting in it having second class water quality in terms of dissolved oxygen concentration, temperature, pH and biochemical oxygen demand. It is also seen that the minimum dissolved oxygen limit value (8 mg L^–1), which is a desired quantity for drinking water, is under the limit value for all months in the case of the water mixture. In particular, during the summer months, the consumption speed of oxygen is greater than the production speed of oxygen with increasing temperature and decreasing discharge, and negative values (anoxia) of dissolved oxygen sag are seen. These situations call for significant precautions and treatment criteria.     

面向21世纪的山区流域经营

山区流域经营的实质是流域生态经济系统的经营．经营措施包括调整土地利用方式、鉴定土地侵蚀现状、采用综合的治理与开发措施、加强监督管理．在分析我国现有的经营标准的基础上，提出了判别山区流域可持续经营的指标体系．     

Radioactivity and mineralogy of the altered granites of the Wadi Ghadir shear zone, South Eastern Desert, Egypt

Quartz-diorite, gneissose granodiorites, two-mica granite and perthite leucogranie are the main rock units cropping out in the Wadi Ghadir area, South Eastern Desert of Egypt. Along the NNE-SSW mega-faults, a broad brittle shear zone is developed in the Ghadir two-mica granite. Brittle deformation is manifested by severe myloniti-zation and alteration of these granites. These sheared altered granites are characterized by the presence of radioactive mineralization, associated with alteration features such as silicification, hematization and kaolinitization. Radioelement measurements revealed that the unaltered and altered two-mica granites are considered as uraniferous granites. The average uranium and thorium contents in the unaltered two-mica granites are 12.29×10-6 and 19.81×10-6, respectively, and the average Th/U ratio is 1.62. The altered granites exhibit higher concentrations of U (averaging 97.949), but have lower Th and Th/U ratios (13.83 and 0.16, respectively), which indicates uranium enrichment in the granites. Binary relations of eTh/eU against either eU or eTh and eU with eTh in the studied gran-ites suggest that the distribution of radioactive elements not only magmatic (positive correlation between eU and eTh), but also due to hydrothermal redistribution of radioelements (weak correlation between eU and eTh/eU). The magmatic U and Th are indicated by the presence of uraninite, thorite, zircon and monazite whereas the evidence of hydrothermal mineralization is the alteration of rock-forming minerals such as feldspar and the forma-tion of secondary minerals such as uranophane and pyrite. Microscopic, XRD and scanning electron microscopic studies revealed the presence of uraninite, uranophane, thorite, Ce-monazite and zircon, in addition to phlogopite-fluor mica in the studied altered granites of the Wadi Ghadir shear zone.     

Stream restoration reduces elevated phosphorus levels in an urban watershed

Lake Erie is located in North America with its southern shoreline bordering Ohio, as well as parts of Michigan, Pennsylvania and New York. A one-year study investigated nutrient pollution in a Central Basin Lake Erie headwater tributary watershed near Cleveland Ohio. Results suggest that the 2019 annual phosphorus load entering Lake Erie from the Euclid Creek watershed was approximately 22,600 pounds, over four times the watershed’s target of 5545 pounds. Multiple upstream sites were the major nonpoint sources of nutrient pollution. Four sampling sites averaged phosphorus levels 12–15 times the watershed target of 0.05 mg/L. Leaking sanitary sewers in residential areas were believed to contribute more pollution than the three golf courses and the regional airport located within the watershed. The presence of the Cleveland Metroparks along the riparian corridor in the Main Branch significantly reduced (p < 0.05) nutrients during dry weather. In particular, stream restoration within the Acacia Reservation lowered phosphorus levels by an average 0.31 mg/L. Spring storms contributed the most to the annual phosphorus load (∼47 %). To mitigate nutrient pollution in urban watersheds, best management practices (BMPs) would require a two-fold strategy. During dry weather, BMPs should incorporate stream restoration and forested riparian buffers where feasible. Green infrastructure should be designed to mitigate the impact of wet-weather storm-induced flows.     

Geochemical Stream Sediment Survey in the Wadi Umm Rilan Area, South Eastern Desert, Egypt: A New Occurrence for Gold Mineralization

The present paper investigates the stream sediment geochemistry, behavior of gold and associated elements, delineates Au-anomalous sites and defines related sources in the Wadi Umm Rilan area. Fifty three major and trace elements were analyzed using ICP-MS and treated applying various statistical and mapping techniques. The results showed a significant difference of mean and median Au and most chemical elements in the three portions of the area, and higher values were recorded in the western portion. Furthermore, Au-anomalous sites appeared in upper and lower parts of the Wadi Umm Rilan, along the tributaries of metavolcanic unit and near granitoid contacts. This indicates the main source of Au mineralization is related to emplacement of granitoid plutons and accompanying hydrothermal solutions. There are significant indications for the presence of more than one mineralization event forming a probable single major episode of mineralization in the area, involving Au, Pb and U mineralizations. Geology, geomorphologic aspects and weathering processes could control stream sediment geochemistry, anomalies of Au and associated elements, elemental association and their dispersion patterns. Therefore, the area is fruitful and regarded as a promising target for Au exploration, using Ag, As, Sb, Cd, Cs, and Tl as pathfinder elements.     

约旦南部瓦迪巴希亚地区铀矿化地球物理特征

通过对瓦迪巴希亚（Wadi Bahiya）地区开展地质调查、岩石取样分析以及地面γ能谱测量等综合研究,认为研究区铀矿化主要产于上白垩统—古新统MCM组近地表风化破碎的灰褐色砂土状泥灰岩之中,矿化类型为现代氧化作用成因的钙结岩型,研究区γ能谱测量铀质量分数平面特征表现为异常规模小,晕圈梯度变化大,深部揭露表明,自近地表向深部铀质量分数逐渐降低,岩石取样分析结果与γ能谱测量具有对应性,铀矿化主要位于地表以下0.5～1.5m的范围内。