湖南省地势图编制关键技术研究

地势图是一种着重表示地势起伏、植被分布、水系特征与分布规律的专题地图,强调表现地面的高低起伏、倾斜程度及与其他地理要素的对比关系,以及水系的分布特征和形态特征,并适当表示其地表的植被与土质。本文以湖南省为例,在基于DEM数据上,收集研究区域的资料并进行分析,采用分层设色法表示地势图,关键技术在于如何确定设色原则和建立色层表。     

湖北省广北油田潜三段下部湖底扇沉积特征分析

从区域地质背景出发 ,结合岩心观察、粒度分析、镜下鉴定结果及测井曲线形态等进行综合分析表明 ,位于蚌湖向斜东南斜坡的湖北省广北油田Eq341沉积时属半深湖—深湖背景下的湖底扇相沉积 ,可细分为内扇、中扇和外扇 3个亚相 ,其中中扇可细分出辫状沟道、辫状沟道间和扇中前缘 3个微相。根据测试资料分析 ,有辫状沟道的中扇为有利相带 ,指出蚌湖向斜东南斜坡、钟市陡坡三角州前缘是寻找油藏的有利区带。     

Variscan stress regime rotation: Insights from the analysis of kink folds in the northern margin of the Bohemian Massif,South Poland

We aimed to determine variations in stress regimes during the youngest Variscan deformations in the northern part of the Bohemian Massif. For this purpose, we calculated the orientation of the principal stress and strain axes for kink folds observed in the metamorphic envelope of the Karkonosze Granite, using two methods: 1) the traditional method, incorporating structural diagrams (for conjugate kink folds only), and 2) butterfly diagram analysis. The use of both methods enabled us to determine the stress regime, based not only on conjugate but also on monoclinal kink bands. The obtained results prove that butterfly diagram analysis, when applied to monoclinal kink folds, yields reliable results, especially when calibrated using the internal friction angle (Ф) calculated for the conjugate structures.We identified two generations of kink folds: 1) an older one, developed under sublatitudinal shortening and most probably related to the Early Carboniferous terminal stages of the northwest-directed thrusting of the metamorphic units, and 2) a younger one; produced by north-south Variscan Carboniferous compression, and the emplacement and subsequent doming of the Karkonosze Granite. This is the first study on brittle-ductile structures observed commonly in the metamorphic units of the Bohemian Massif, showing their relation to the granitoid intrusion and complementing the tectonic models that usually omit kink folds.     

济阳坳陷石炭二叠系暗色泥岩微量元素赋存特征及其地质意义

在对Sc、Co、Ni、Ga、Rb、Sr、Mo、Ba等微量元素进行电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）测试和对泥岩粘土矿物进行x射线衍射相对定量分析的基础上,结合骨架砂岩岩石薄片镜下观察结果,采用Sr-Rb—Ba-Sc多元素标准化图解,分析了济阳坳陷石炭二叠系暗色泥岩微量元素赋存特征及其所指示的海陆沉积相变化、火山事件、物源等方面的地质意义。研究结果表明：（1）济阳坳陷暗色泥岩微量元素含量普遍比华北地台同时期沉积物高（Ba除外）。（2）济阳坳陷本溪组和太原组下部发育海相沉积以及上石盒子组曾发生数次规模较大的海侵,表现为在Sr-Rb-Ba-Sc标准化图解中sr上扬,或Rb-Ba—Sc近似呈直线;局限台地相沉积可能造成其上部相邻地层泥岩中Rb、Sr发生异常。（3）在济阳坳陷石炭二叠系骨架砂岩岩石薄片中观察到自形石英、港湾状石英、聚片双晶长石、保存较好的挠曲状云母,推测石炭二叠系受到多次火山作用影响;Sr-Rb—Ba-Sc标准化图解中Rb异常可能揭示火山作用的影响,而Rb异常的泥岩样品通常高岭石含量非常高（〉70％）,且伊利石含量非常低（〈5％）。（4）Rb-Ba-Sc标准化图解显示济阳坳陷石炭二叠系物源区可能是华北地台北部的古老岩体,母岩岩浆来自上地壳。     

一种快速确定二维地震勘探最佳施工因素的方法

在二维地震勘探中,当地表遇到不能钻井放炮的障碍物时,如果要满足设计叠加次数,就必须采取变观激发的办法。变观激发时如何合理选择最大炮检距,保证区内浅、中、深目的层达到最大叠加次数,且在地层倾向未知的情况下,可通过变观激发试验,从监视记录上直接确定其下倾方向激发上倾接收的施工方法。     

等高线空间关系研究

地形图上等高线相互之间的空间关系是人们分析地形的重要依据,也是利用GIS模拟地形图认知能力的一个重要出发点在利用计算机模拟人们判读地形图的过程中面临的一个关键问题是：如何在计算机环境下有效地描述、表达及计算等高线空间关系,本文从空间认知的需求出发,在等高线空间关系分类的基础上,利用图论中的树结构(等高线树)形式化表达等高线空间关系,在Voronoi邻近的基础上建立了计算机可执行的等高线空间关系计算方法。     

地理多要素Voronoi图相邻关系下的地图放大裁剪方法

针对以欧氏距离作为放大因子对电子地图进行放大裁剪引起的信息失衡问题,提出了采用地理多要素Voronoi图相邻关系的地图放大裁剪方法,可有效避免以欧氏距离作为地图放大因子的地图信息失衡问题。将电子地图中的地理要素分为点、线、面,对于点要素,构建它的Voronoi图;对于非点要素,即线和面要素,构建它们的近似Voronoi图,当用户对电子地图中感兴趣地理要素目标放大时,只需要提取该目标的多要素Voronoi图相邻要素的近似Voronoi图,并计算它们的最小外包矩形,将最小外包矩形区域用于最终的地图放大裁剪区域,则可较好地顾及用户感兴趣地理要素目标周围的地理要素信息,可提高地图的易读性。采用本文方法对某区域电子地图进行了试验,结果表明,地理多要素Voronoi图相邻关系的地图放大裁剪方法能够较好地顾及目标周边地理要素信息,避免了以欧氏距离为放大因子的地图信息失衡。     

Seasonal Variations of Hydrochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in Changping Plain,Beijing

Changping Plain, located in the northwest of Beijing, has become an important groundwater recharge area for the Beijing Plain and an important source for the urban water supply. In this study, groundwater samples were collected during the dry and wet seasons in 2015 from 24 monitoring wells distributed in Changping Plain. A Piper-Tri-linear diagram, a Schoeller diagram, a Gibbs diagram, and the isotope technique were used to investigate the temporal and spatial variations in the concentrations of groundwater hydrochemicals and the sources of groundwater recharge. The results indicated: 1) seasonal variations in the concentrations of HCO₃^-, Ca²⁺, and Na⁺ were significant; the spatial variations of these ions were more dramatic in the dry season than in the wet season due to the dilution effect of precipitation; 2) Most groundwater samples had a HCO₃-Ca-Mg based hydrochemical type and a few had a HCO₃-Na-K based hydrochemical type; the hydrochemical type tended to evolve from HCO₃-Ca-Mg based to HCO₃-Na-K based in some monitoring wells that showed distinct seasonal variation; 3) the groundwater in the study area originated mainly from atmospheric precipitation, and it is affected by evaporation and concentration processes.     

Hydrochemical regime and its mechanism in Yamzhog Yumco Basin,South Tibet

The hydrochemistry of alpine lakes reflects water characteristic and its response to climatic change. Over 300 water samples had been collected from 52 sites of 5 lakes and 7 inflowing rivers in the Yamzhog Yumco Basin, South Tibet, during 2009–2014, basing which the hydrochemical regime and its mechanism were analyzed along with the adoption of hydrological investigations in 1979 and 1984 as well. Results revealed that the waters were hard with weak alkalinity for the Yamzhog Yumco Basin. Most of them were fresh, and the rest were slightly saline. The hydrochemical types of 5 lakes (i.e., Lake Yamzhog Yum Co, Puma Yum Co, Bajiu Co, Kongmu Co, and Chen Co) were SO₄ ^2––HCO₃ ^––Mg²⁺–Na⁺, HCO₃ ^––SO₄ ^2––Mg²⁺–Ca²⁺, SO₄ ^2––Mg²⁺–Na⁺, SO₄ ^2––HCO₃ ^––Ca²⁺, and SO₄ ^2––Na⁺–Mg²⁺–Ca²⁺, respectively. As for rivers, HCO₃ ^– and SO₄ ^2– were the major anions, and Ca²⁺ was the dominant cation. Lake Yamzhog Yum Co, the largest lake in the basin, exhibited remarkable spatial variations in hydrochemistry at its surface but irregular changes with depth. The weathering of evaporates and carbonates, together with evaporation and crystallization, were the major mechanisms controlling the hydrochemistry of waters in the Yamzhog Yumco Basin. Global warming also had significant impacts on hydrochemical variations.     

25 ℃时NaClNH4ClH2O三元水盐体系相平衡的研究

利用湿渣法,研究了25℃时NaCl-NH4Cl-H2O三元水盐体系的固液相平衡关系,测出了NaCl和NH4Cl在水中的溶解度数据,并绘制了相图。结果表明该体系在25℃时的相图存在6个区域,即:纯NH4Cl结晶区;纯NaCl结晶区;以NH4Cl为主的固溶体结晶区;以NaCl为主的固溶体结晶区;以NH4Cl为主的固溶体和以NaCl为主的固溶体共同结晶区以及不饱和溶液区。