贵州省未来气候变化(2018—2050年)预估分析

针对贵州省年平均降水量,年平均气温,年平均最高气温和年平均最低气温四个特征量,从空间分布上的定性比较,从年际、年代际的时间演变比较以及从泰勒图的定量比较来看,RegCM4模式的模拟效果优于CMIP5模式,因此本研究在RCP4.5排放情景下利用RegCM4模式数据预估未来2018—2050年贵州省年平均降水量,年平均气温,年平均最高气温和年平均最低气温。结果表明:21世纪Ⅰ阶段(2018—2028年)相对于基准期年平均降水在全省大部地区均是偏少的,偏少幅度在8.5%以内,其中贵州省北部地区偏少幅度最大;21世纪Ⅱ阶段(2029—2039年)相对于基准期贵州省中西部降水偏少东部降水偏多,变化幅度基本上在7%以内;21世纪Ⅲ阶段(2040—2050年)相对于基准期贵州省南部和东部降水偏少西北部降水偏多,变化幅度基本上在7.5%以内。贵州省21世纪Ⅰ阶段、Ⅱ阶段、Ⅲ阶段年平均气温、年平均最高气温和年平均最低气温相对于基准期均是偏暖的,偏暖幅度在0.6～1.3℃之间,越到后期,偏暖幅度越大,且空间差异不大。     

Voronoi tessellation on the ellipsoidal earth for vector data

Voronoi tessellation, and its dual the Delaunay triangulation, provide a cohesive framework for the study and interpretation of phenomena of geographical space in two and three dimensions. The planar and spherical solutions introduce errors in the positional accuracy of both Voronoi vertices and Voronoi edges due to errors in distance computations and the path connecting two locations with planar lines or great circle arcs instead of geodesics. For most geospatial applications the introduction of the above errors is insignificant or tolerable. However, for applications where the accuracy is of utmost importance, the ellipsoidal model of the Earth must be used. Characteristically, the introduction of any positional error in the delimitation of maritime zones and boundaries results in increased maritime space for one state at the expense of another. This is a situation that may, among others, have a serious impact on the financial activities and the relations of the states concerned. In the context of previous work on maritime delimitation we show that the Voronoi diagram constitutes the ideal solution for the development of an automated methodology addressing the problem in its entirety. Due to lack of a vector methodology for the generation of Voronoi diagram on the ellipsoid, the aforementioned solution was constrained by the accuracy of existing approaches. In order to fill this gap, in this paper we deal with the inherent attributes of the ellipsoidal model of the Earth, e.g. the fact that geodesics are open lines, and we elaborate on a methodology for the generation of the Voronoi diagram on the ellipsoid for a set of points in vector format. The resulting Voronoi diagram consists of vertices with positional accuracy that is only bounded by the user needs and edges that are comprised of geodesics densified with vertices equidistant to their generators. Finally, we present the implementation of the proposed algorithm in the Python programming language and the results of two case studies, one on the formation of closest service areas and one on maritime boundaries delimitation, with the positional accuracy set to 1 cm.     

Size distribution of urban blocks in the Tokyo Metropolitan Region: estimation by urban block density and road width on the basis of normative plane tessellation

The size distribution of urban blocks is important for the characterisation of urban block patterns and is known to follow several parametric statistical distributions. However, it has not previously been analysed on the basis of a normative plane tessellation and in terms of urban block density and mean road width. In this article, we formulate the size distribution of Voronoi cells using the gamma distribution estimated by urban block density and mean road width. We found that (1) both log-normal and gamma distributions can be good candidates for the size distribution of urban blocks at the scale of a region that consists of regular urban blocks and that has a uniform road width; and (2) the size distribution of urban blocks depends on the balance between pattern and width improvement effects. Based on one study region in Tokyo, if the pattern improvement effect is more prominent than the width improvement effect, the mode of urban block sizes tends to be larger than if it is not. These findings are expected to provide scientific support for urban planning (e.g. land readjustment projects).     

温泉台体应变观测的影响因素及特征分析

为定量估计观测序列所包含的各种成分,评定台站的观测环境、观测质量及对地形变的监测能力,加深对观测数据的理解,准确识别震前异常,以温泉台体应变为例,选择体应变、辅助观测及气象三要素等观测数据,利用别尔采夫滤波、小波分析和相关性分析等方法,分析温泉台体应变观测各周期变化的影响因素及特征。结果表明：1）温泉台体应变年周期变化的影响因素可能为钻孔水位,体应变相位滞后水位约31 d;2）气压是温泉台体应变月波的主要影响因素;3）固体潮汐是温泉台体应变日波、半日波的主要影响因素;4）温泉台体应变与水位、气压、固体潮汐等具有较强的线性相关性。     

点状地名信息的加权泰森多边形检索法

鉴于地名库中多数地名仅以中心点坐标形式记录其空间位置信息,缺乏其空间范围的具体描述,造成地名检索中的片面性和局限性,本文在深入分析地名及其空间属性、空间关系的基础上,考虑同类型地名的不同性质在检索中的重要作用,利用泰森多边形在地名边界近似中的优势,提出了针对点状地名信息的加权泰森多边形检索法,依据同类型地名的面积属性作为权重指标构建泰森多边形,以近似表达地名的空间范围,进而描述地名间的各类空间关系;并从拓扑关系、方位关系与距离关系3个方面给出了具体公式以计算地名间的空间相似性;最后以行政区划边界近似与检索为例验证该方法。试验结果表明,该方法可较好地近似表达地名空间范围及空间关系,增强了检索词与地理信息资源在空间位置上的相似性度量,检索结果优于传统方法。     

邻接凸多边形方向关系计算及其推理

在对拓拟邻接凸多边形方向关系计算特殊性分析的基础上，提出了一个邻接凸多边形方向关系计算法和二维空间方向关系推理方法。与Voronoi图所表达的邻近拓扑关系相结合，该算法可以用于计算离散二维空间目标之间的方向关系。     

地理空间意像模式的Voronoi模型

提出用Voronoi空间模型来表达意像模式，Voronoi模型无岐义空间邻近关系，构建能封装对象间空间关系的拓扑网络，使用该模型将各种空间介词映射为不同的拓扑结构，GIS采用该模型，可按自然语言中空间介词描述的定性空间关系查询检索模糊地理信息。     

如何正确使用玄武岩判别图

为了正确使用玄武岩判别图,在投图之前要对样品加以筛选并对数据作出估计。还要将样品适当分组,投图时应遵循一定的程序。文中讨论了可能出现的几种判别结果及可能的解释方案,指出了判别图的局限性,认为玄武岩判别图所标定的各种构造环境的分区,实际上代表的是各种不同的岩浆类型。作者认为,投在洋中脊玄武岩区域的玄武岩绝大多数并非来自大洋中脊环境。     

相图测定成矿压力方法的评述

本文对国内外广泛应用相图测定成矿压力的方法进行了评述。文中讨论了引起相图测定成矿压力不确切性的各种因素,并提出了消除或减弱这些影响因素的措施,以利于进一步提高利用相图进行成矿压力测定的精度。     

羟丙基壳聚糖对表面活性剂微乳液相图的影响

在 2 5℃条件下 ,测定了不同浓度的羟丙基壳聚糖 (HPCHS)溶液 /表面活性剂 (聚氧乙烯(2 3)醚月桂醇 (BRIJ35)、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵 (CTAB)、十二烷基硫酸钠 (SDS)、二甲基十二烷基甜菜碱 (C1 2 BE) ) /正丁醇 (n- C4H9OH) /正辛烷 (n- C8H1 8)体系微乳液拟三元相图。结果表明 ,在所研究的浓度范围内 ,羟丙基壳聚糖对不同类型表面活性剂体系微乳液的形成有不同的影响 :(1 )除C1 2 BE体系外羟丙基壳聚糖的加入均在一定程度上改善了原有体系微乳区的形成和稳定 ;(2 )羟丙基壳聚糖溶液在 1 0 ,1 0和 5g/ L浓度时分别使 BRIJ35,CTAB和 SDS体系微乳区面积达到最大 ;(3)羟丙基壳聚糖的加入没有明显改变 C1 2 BE体系的微乳区面积。