滇西孟连曼信一带火山岩微枕状构造特征及其地质意义——兼论曼信—老厂一带火山岩时代

首次发现报道了曼信一带海相火山岩微枕状构造的地质特征。主要根据野外第一手资料，分析探讨了曼信—老厂一带火山岩的时代，主要认识是：“依柳组”火山岩的主要形成于晚二叠世；老厂地区泥盆纪—中晚石炭世有少量基性—中性火山活动及三叠纪火山活动。     

Evolution of a complex isolated dome system,Cerro Pizarro,central México

Cerro Pizarro is an isolated rhyolitic dome in the intermontane Serdán-Oriental basin, located in the eastern Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Cerro Pizarro erupted ~1.1 km³ of magma at about 220 ka. Activity of Cerro Pizarro started with vent-clearing explosions at some depth; the resultant deposits contain clasts of local basement rocks, including Cretaceous limestone, ~0.46-Ma welded tuff, and basaltic lava. Subsequent explosive eruptions during earliest dome growth produced an alternating sequence of surge and fallout layers from an inferred small dome. As the dome grew both vertically and laterally, it developed an external glassy carapace due to rapid chilling. Instability of the dome during emplacement caused the partial gravitational collapse of its flanks producing various block-and-ash-flow deposits. After a brief period of repose, re-injection of magma caused formation of a cryptodome with pronounced deformation of the vitrophyric dome and the underlying units to orientations as steep as near vertical. This stage began apparently as a gas-poor eruption and no explosive phases accompanied the emplacement of the cryptodome. Soon after emplacement of the cryptodome, however, the western flank of the edifice catastrophically collapsed, causing a debris avalanche. A hiatus in eruptive activity was marked by erosion of the cone and emplacement of ignimbrite derived from a caldera to the north of Cerro Pizarro. The final growth of the dome growth produced its present shape; this growth was accompanied by multiple eruptions producing surge and fallout deposits that mantle the topography around Cerro Pizarro. The evolution of the Cerro Pizarro dome holds aspects in common with classic dome models and with larger stratovolcano systems. We suggest that models that predict a simple evolution for domes fail to account for possibilities in evolutionary paths. Specifically, the formation of a cryptodome in the early stages of dome formation may be far more common than generally recognized. Likewise, sector collapse of a dome, although apparently rare, is a potential hazard that must be recognized and for which planning must be done.Editorial responsibility: J. Gilbert     

The evolution of rifting on the volcanic margin of the Pelotas Basin and the contextualization of the Paraná–Etendeka LIP in the separation of Gondwana in the South Atlantic

The Pelotas Basin is the classical example of a volcanic passive margin displaying large wedges of seaward-dipping reflectors (SDR). The SDR fill entirely its rifts throughout the basin, characterizing the abundant syn-rift magmatism (133–113 Ma). The Paraná–Etendeka Large Igneous Province (LIP), adjacent to west, constituted the pre-rift magmatism (134–132 Ma). The interpretation of ultra-deep seismic lines showed a very different geology from the adjacent Santos, Campos and Espírito Santo Basins, which constitute examples of magma-poor passive margins. Besides displaying rifts totally filled by volcanic rocks, diverse continental crustal domains were defined in the Pelotas Basin, such as an outer domain, probably constituted by highly stretched and permeated continental igneous crust, and a highly reflective lower crust probably reflecting underplating.The analysis of rifting in this portion of the South Atlantic is based on seismic interpretation and on the distribution of regional linear magnetic anomalies. The lateral accretion of SDR to the east towards the future site of the breakup and the temporal relationship between their rift and sag geometries allows the reconstitution of the evolution of rifting in the basin. Breakup propagated from south to north in three stages (130–127.5; 127.5–125; 125–113 Ma) physically separated by oceanic fracture zones (FZ). The width of the stretched, thinned and heavily intruded continental crust also showed a three-stage increase in the same direction and at the same FZ. Consequently, the Continental-Oceanic Boundary (COB) shows three marked shifts, from west to east, from south to north, resulting into rift to margin segmentation. Rifting also propagated from west to east, in the direction of the final breakup, in each of the three segments defined. The importance of the Paraná–Etendeka LIP upon the overall history of rupturing and breakup of Western Gondwanaland seems to have been restricted in time and in space only to the Pelotas Basin.     

长白山火山喷发物的堆积类型及火山活动机理

本文对长白山火山地质发展过程中的两大喷发期和七个喷发阶段作了系统阐述,详细划分、描述了喷发物堆积类型及特征,论述了火山活动机理及演化历程。首次指出长白山火山基浪堆积,对新发现的侵入相和次火山岩相岩百与喷出相岩石做了对比,指出同源于一个碱性岩浆房。     

五大连池近代火山老黑山火烧山火山喷发过程的考察研究

作者在已有工作的基础上,以当代火山学的研究思路和观点,为恢复五大连池两个近代火山,老黑山火烧山的喷发历史过程进行了野外考察研究工作。老黑山火山锥是由三套不同的碎屑堆积物组成。在锥体的南侧、东侧和西侧以及北测和北西侧有５个熔岩溢出口,按它们形成先后关系,认为有早、中、晚三期熔岩流。本文还对老黑山火山锥上的寄生火山、结壳熔岩与渣状熔岩的分布、流动特点及形成的控制因素进行了分析讨论。最后得出结论：老黑山火山是经多期次喷发活动形成的。火烧山火山锥是一碎屑化泡沫化程度很低的浮岩块和熔岩碎块组成,同老黑山有明显区别。     

Under the surface: Pressure-induced planetary-scale waves,volcanic lightning,and gaseous clouds caused by the submarine eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano

We present a narrative of the eruptive events culminating in the cataclysmic January 15, 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Volcano by synthesizing diverse preliminary seismic, volcanological, sound wave, and lightning data available within the first few weeks after the eruption occurred. The first hour of eruptive activity produced fast-propagating tsunami waves, long-period seismic waves, loud audible sound waves, infrasonic waves, exceptionally intense volcanic lightning and an unsteady volcanic plume that transiently reached—at 58 ?km—the Earth's mesosphere. Energetic seismic signals were recorded worldwide and the globally stacked seismogram showed episodic seismic events within the most intense periods of phreatoplinian activity, and they correlated well with the infrasound pressure waveform recorded in Fiji. Gravity wave signals were strong enough to be observed over the entire planet in just the first few hours, with some circling the Earth multiple times subsequently. These large-amplitude, long-wavelength atmospheric disturbances come from the Earth's atmosphere being forced by the magmatic mixture of tephra, melt and gasses emitted by the unsteady but quasi-continuous eruption from 0402±1–1800 UTC on January 15, 2022. Atmospheric forcing lasted much longer than rupturing from large earthquakes recorded on modern instruments, producing a type of shock wave that originated from the interaction between compressed air and ambient (wavy) sea surface. This scenario differs from conventional ideas of earthquake slip, landslides, or caldera collapse-generated tsunami waves because of the enormous (～1000x) volumetric change due to the supercritical nature of volatiles associated with the hot, volatile-rich phreatoplinian plume. The time series of plume altitude can be translated to volumetric discharge and mass flow rate. For an eruption duration of ～12 ?h, the eruptive volume and mass are estimated at 1.9 ?km³ and ～2 900 ?Tg, respectively, corresponding to a VEI of 5–6 for this event. The high frequency and intensity of lightning was enhanced by the production of fine ash due to magma—seawater interaction with concomitant high charge per unit mass and the high pre-eruptive concentration of dissolved volatiles. Analysis of lightning flash frequencies provides a rapid metric for plume activity and eruption magnitude. Many aspects of this eruption await further investigation by multidisciplinary teams. It represents a unique opportunity for fundamental research regarding the complex, non-linear behavior of high energetic volcanic eruptions and attendant phenomena, with critical implications for hazard mitigation, volcano forecasting, and first-response efforts in future disasters.     

克拉美丽气田石炭系火山岩复杂岩性岩电特征

准噶尔盆地东部克拉美丽气田石炭系火山岩岩石类型复杂多样,且同一岩性由于结构、构造和成分的差异,电性特征差异亦较大,岩性识别困难。本文通过对该区14口井取心段岩电关系研究,认为自然伽马、电阻率、密度三种曲线岩性特征响应明显; 电阻率、中子、密度、声波四条曲线对火山岩岩石构造特征响应明显。并编制了岩性和岩石构造测井识别交会图版11张。进而利用电测资料识别出该区11种火山岩岩石类型: 正长斑岩、二长斑岩、玄武岩、粗面岩、英安岩、流纹岩、霏细岩、沉凝灰岩、熔结凝灰岩、火山角砾岩和熔结火山角砾岩; 识别出5种岩石构造类型: 正长斑岩中气孔及块状构造和玄武岩中杏仁、碎裂及块状构造。通过本区12口钻井取心后验,测井识别结果与钻井岩心分析结果吻合良好,可作为地区性火山岩测井岩性、岩石构造识别模式。     

太平洋CC区构造特征与多金属结核成矿条件研究

1994年4－11月,国家海洋局组织和实施了DY85－4航次中国开辟区（太平洋CC区）多金属结核（下简称结核）勘探,海上勘查历时225d,勘查面积达65×103km2,其中,用重力、磁力和单道地震等方法对测区进行了地球物理调查。结果表明,火山和浅层侵入体是提供给核生成的重要物质来源。区域性的沉积间断是造成结核丰度偏高的重要因素。断块活动强烈的地区,断裂活动有利于金属元素在海底的富集。不同时代形成的海底,地幔原岩在成分上的差异或在洋壳形成过程中构造活动的差异,对结核的形成有着一定的控制因素。而上述地质构造活动,在地球物理特征上都有着明显的反映。由此可见,地球物理特征与结核的形成和富集规律有着明显的相关关系。     

闽北东坑火山盆地白垩纪火山—侵入杂岩的岩石成因与金成矿

火山岩和侵入岩是许多浅成低温热液型金矿床成矿物质和流体的重要来源。中生代时期华南陆块经历了强烈的岩浆—热液活动,在中国东南沿海地区形成了大量的火山—侵入杂岩和浅成低温热液金矿。本文选取该区研究程度较低的闽北政和县东坑火山盆地为研究对象,利用岩相学、年代学、全岩地球化学、Sr—Nd—Hf同位素等方法,来探讨该火山盆地中火山岩和侵入岩的成因联系、岩浆演化过程以及它们与盆地内同时期金矿的关系。东坑火山盆地由多种岩性的火山岩和空间上与其密切共生的浅成侵入相花岗斑岩、石英二长斑岩,以及携带暗色微粒包体的花岗岩脉组成。LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb定年显示,东坑的火山岩和侵入岩均形成于白垩纪（101. 0±0. 9~97. 3±1. 2 Ma）,其全岩Sr—Nd同位素组成较均一[n（87Sr）/ n（86Sr）]i=0. 7085~0. 7104;εNd(t)= -8. 83~ -7. 34,但锆石Hf同位素组成变化范围较大εHf(t)= -14. 0~3. 3。岩石地球化学特征显示,该盆地火山—侵入杂岩为富碱、富钾的准铝—弱过铝质岩石,这些岩石具有连续线性变化的主量元素特征、右倾的稀土配分曲线、弱至中等的Eu负异常（Eu/Eu* =0. 19~0. 83）、较高的氧逸度（lgfO2=-17. 44~-4. 18）以及大离子亲石元素Rb、K、Pb富集,高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti亏损的特征。综合年代学及岩石地球化学特征,认为东坑火山盆地中的火山—侵入杂岩是在古太平洋板块俯冲后撤的伸展构造背景下,幔源岩浆上涌促使地壳源岩发生重新熔融并与之混合,不断演化,最终侵位于地壳浅表的产物。岩浆的源区组成、结晶分异和高氧逸度条件等共同造就了该盆地及周围同时期金的成矿。     

春风油田石炭系火山岩油气层综合判识研究

火山岩油气藏是一种特殊类型油气藏,受岩性、岩相、储集空间类型等因素影响较大。常规测井仅能对储层进行评价,录井仅能对岩性及油气显示进行评价。利用测录井资料无法快速判识油气层现状,制约了现场完井方式及试油方案的及时决策,并影响钻井周期、成本及对区块的潜力评价。通过岩心描述、镜下薄片储集空间及含油性观察,结合测井解释和试油结果,总结了春风油田石炭系火山岩油藏岩石类型及含油性特征;火山岩储集空间类型、影响因素、识别方法及物性有效性;孔隙、裂缝等储集空间有效性电性识别方法;建立了春风油田石炭系油气层综合判识准则。本次研究可快速对该区石炭系完钻探井进行油气层综合判识,指导现场完井方式决策,提高勘探效益。