Regional GHG reduction targets based on effort sharing: a comparison of studies

Over 40 studies that analyse future GHG emissions allowances or reduction targets for different regions based on a wide range of effort-sharing approaches and long-term concentration stabilization levels are compared. This updates previous work undertaken for the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Regional reduction targets differ significantly for each effort-sharing approach. For example, in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 1990 region, new proposals that emphasize the equity principles of responsibility, capability, and need, and those based on equal cumulative per capita emissions (carbon budgets), lead to relatively stringent emissions reduction targets. In order to reach a low concentration stabilization level of 450?ppm CO₂e, the allowances under all effort sharing approaches in OECD1990 for 2030 would be approximately half of the emissions of 2010 with a large range, roughly two-thirds in the Economies in Transition (EIT), roughly at the 2010 emissions level or slightly below in Asia, slightly above the 2010 level in the Middle East and Africa and well below the 2010 level in Latin America. For 2050, allowances in OECD1990 and EIT would be a fraction of today's emissions, approximately half of 2010 emission levels in Asia, and possibly less than half of the 2010 level in Latin America.

Policy relevance

The concept of equity and the stringency of future national GHG reduction targets are at the heart of the current debate on the new international climate change agreement to be adopted in 2015. Policy insights gained from an analysis of over 40 studies, which have quantitatively analysed the proposed GHG reduction targets, are presented. It is found that the outcome of effort-sharing approaches is often largely determined by the way the equity principle is implemented and that the distributional impacts of such approaches can be significantly different depending on the criteria used, the stabilization level and shape of the global emissions pathway. However, the current literature only covers a small proportion of the possible allocation approaches. There should thus be an in-depth modelling comparison to ensure consistency and comparability of results and inform decision making regarding the reduction of GHG emissions.     

Multilateralism in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore

This paper analyzes International Maritime Organization (IMO) involvement in maritime cooperation regime in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore through multilateralism. It begins by introducing the maritime cooperation regime prior to 2001, which was mainly trilateral in nature through Tripartite Technical Expert Group on the Safety of Navigation (TTEG). Although TTEG managed to increase the level of safety of navigation in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore through the implementation of the Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) in 1981 and Mandatory Ship Reporting System (STRAITREP) in 1998, such cooperation was beset by financial strain and conflict of interests. Subsequently, there was a change in the cooperation regime after 9/11 incident. This paper identifies that the change was contributed by the IMO through a methodology called multilateralism. Three important principles were adopted by IMO in implementing multilateralism in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore, namely generalized principles of conduct (respect for sovereignty and compliance with burden sharing principle under Article 43 of UNCLOS 1982), diffuse reciprocity, and indivisibility. This paper concludes that multilateralism by IMO has transformed trilateral cooperation into multilateral cooperation in the Straits of Malacca, combining state actors (littoral states and user states) and non-state actors (non-governmental organizations and international shipping industries).     

基于 SOA 云服务的济宁市电子政务服务平台研究

基于政务网的政府各部门横向与纵向信息共享及业务协同的需求十分迫切,传统的单向共享模式的应用瓶颈日益突出,结合济宁市政务信息平台建设的实际环境及需求,设计了基于 SOA 云服务的政府部门间信息资源共享及在线业务协同平台的框架,实现了政府各部门之间数据有序交换和资源共享,建立了数据建设规范和业务协同机制,极大地提升了政务办公自动化水平。     

乌兰察布市气象资料应用处理与共享技术分析

乌兰察布市气象资料应用处理与共享系统,以该市已经建成的自动气象站实时监测数据为信息资源,充分利用信息网络通讯技术和数据库存储与查询、分析、统计技术,实现全市气象部门自动气象站资料的整合与管理。通过气象资料应用处理与共享平台的建设,实现了气象资料在全市气象部门内的高效共享,并提高了气象资料在业务领域和服务领域的使用率和共享率。     

地市级地理信息共享服务平台设计

随着社会经济与信息技术的不断发展,地市级智慧城市建设提上日程,如何建立一套规范统一而又具有通用性的地理信息共享服务平台是其关键.平台建设必须考虑三方面内容,即建设内容、运维机制与具体应用.在智慧唐山建设过程中,以面向服务为目标,顾及地市级地理信息共享服务平台的通用性,针对总体需求、总体架构、关键技术等方面进行设计,明确地理信息共享服务平台建设的内容、运维机制建设以及示范应用等内容,探讨适用于地市级智慧城市地理信息共享服务平台构建的解决方案.     

国家标准《地理信息元数据》研制与实现若干问题

通过探讨国家标准《地理信息元数据》研制和实现的若干问题，包括标准的定位和适用范围、元数据的定义、内容、结构、分级，元数据的扩展，元数据专用标准制定、分层结构的应用与元数据标准实现，以及研制该国家标准策略考虑等问题，以便于对该国家标准能有更加深入地理解和更好地实施该标准。     

发达国家地质大数据管理现状分析与启示：以美、英、澳、加为例

科学数据是国家重要战略资源,数据共享是这种资源有效开发利用的手段之一,也是当今科学研究范式向数据密集型转变的重要基础。现代信息技术与勘查方法的深度融合,使得地质勘查和地学研究领域被急速推向大数据时代,亟需从宏观层面上进行科学管理。欧美一些国家通过颁布政策方针及铺设数据基础设施等方式,推动着本国地质大数据管理的有效实施。文章对美、英、澳、加四国地质调查局的数据管理工作方面做了调查,从数据管理范围、数据政策、战略计划、重要数据库及主要数据工具等方面现状进行了介绍与分析,并对中国地质调查行业数据管理工作提出了一些建议：（1）数据管理政策应采用自顶向下设计,自底向上实施;（2）数据开放共享、融合交流是世界地调机构的发展趋势;（3）大力推进地质云建设,三位一体实现大数据治理;（4）促进数据共享基础设施建设,通过参与国际治理争取拿到更多的话语权。     

GIS平台点状地图符号共享方法探讨

针对GIS平台难以共享SVG点状地图符号的问题,该文分析了SVG地图符号组织模式,基于PB点状符号结构,设计了SVG点状符号向PB点状符号的映射方式,研究了SVG几何数据、笔画、填充等样式数据转换为PB点状符号的方法,提出了PB点状符号共享SVG点状符号的方式。最后以ArcGIS软件为例,构建了ArcGIS共享PB点状符号的方法,实现了GIS平台共享SVG点状地图符号。研究结果可为地图符号共享、地理信息可视化等研究提供参考。     

杭州市城市地下管线共享平台建设与实践

总结了杭州市城市地下管线共享平台建设取得的进展和创新点,并尝试探索未来杭州城市地下管线信息化发展需要解决的关键问题,强调城市地下管线信息共享与服务将是未来杭州市城市地下管线信息化工作的两大主题。     

基于GIS的便民就业管理系统设计与实现

随着我国社会经济的快速发展,就业呈现日益多元化、时空化特征,就业管理和服务也越来越离不开空间数据和地理信息系统的支持。本文以此为背景介绍了基于GIS的便民就业管理系统的总体框架、系统功能及其关键技术,最后分析了系统的特色及GIS在就业管理服务方面发挥的重要作用。