Distributions and vertical variation patterns of sound speed of surface sediments in South China Sea

The distributions of sound speed show different characteristics in continental shelf, continental slope and Nansha Trough. The differences have closely related to the distributions of sediment physical properties in the southern South China Sea. According to the analysis of sound speeds and physical properties variation characteristics with buried depth, the vertical variations of sound speed are closely related to sediment texture, sedimentary environment, transport, erosion, compaction, consolidation, etc. The comparison results indicate 3 vertical variation patterns of sound speed: increasing model, invariant model and complicate variation model. The above 3 variation models represent the vertical distribution characteristics of sound speed in different depositional environments. Different variation patterns have different key factors which generally contain porosity or grain size. The calculated sound speeds with Buckingham’s theory of compressional waves in fluid-like marine sediments follows the trend of measured speeds accurately.     

不同固化材料垫层在黄土中隔水能力及其垂直扩散特性

黄土作为地基材料时由于其湿陷性容易出现失稳现象,利用固化剂垫层改良黄土地基水稳性和强度的技术被广泛使用。本文主要通过在黄土中分别加入石灰、水泥和粉煤灰固化剂垫层的方法进行加固,测定了在垂直方向上各处的含水率、密度、干密度、土颗粒比表面积(SSA)及阳离子交换能力(CEC)的变化。试验表明石灰、水泥和粉煤灰垫层可以影响10～15cm范围内相邻土层含水率、密度、比表面积和阳离子交换能力,改变土质结构,提高土体的水稳性。改性后的土体越靠近固化剂垫层,含水率、SSA和CEC越小而密度越大。其中,石灰垫层效果最好,它能将黄土中含水率减小超过4%,密度增加1.0～1.5g cm-3,粉煤灰作用次之,水泥最弱。此外,试样土颗粒比表面积(SSA)与阳离子交换能力(CEC)存在线性递增的关系,本次试验中,3个试样中SSA与CEC之比均稳定于6.5～7.5之间。     

Analytical solutions for consolidation aided by vertical drains

Soil disturbance caused during the installation of vertical drains reduces the in situ hydraulic conductivity of soft deposits in the immediate vicinity of the drains, resulting in a slower rate of consolidation than would be expected in the absence of disturbance. Experimental investigations have revealed the existence of two distinct zones, a smear zone and a transition zone, within the disturbed zone around the vertical drain. The degree of change in the hydraulic conductivity in the smear and transition zones is difficult to assess without performing of laboratory tests. Based on the available literature, four different profiles of hydraulic conductivity versus distance from the vertical drain were identified. Closed-form solutions for the rate of consolidation for each of these four hydraulic conductivity profiles were developed. It is found that different variations of the hydraulic conductivity profiles in the disturbed zone result in different rates of consolidation.     

Trend of settlement in primary and secondary consolidations

The trend/rate of settlement of any load on clay can be measured at any time without knowing the past history of load increment. It can be a source of some useful information like quick evaluation of consolidation characteristics, time-compression data of the present, past and future, type and stage of consolidation, drainage conditions, time of load increment, etc. Basic mathematical/graphical properties of vertical, radial, 3D and secondary consolidations are studied from this angle. Two types of 3D consolidations are discussed. First is the combined vertical and radial consolidation with vertical drains. Second is the general 3D consolidation in Cartesian co-ordinates where drainage occurs through all the six phases of a parallelopipe-shaped sample. But the settlement in both cases is allowed in the vertical direction only. It is shown that primary compression after 60% consolidation, with whatever simple or complicated drainage conditions, essentially gives a straight line on a linear plot of settlement versus rate of settlement while secondary consolidation is a straight line on semi-log plot of settlement versus rate of settlement.     

东亚中高纬土壤温度资料评估与分析

本文以一套俄罗斯土壤温度历史观测资料RHSTD为基础,分析了四套土壤温度产品[ERA-Interim再分析资料、两套陆面模式离线运行产品ERA-Interim/Land（简称ERA-Land）和MERRA-Land、以及一套二十世纪再分析资料NOAA-CIRES 20CR]在东亚中高纬的可靠性,并重点关注春夏季,主要结论如下:观测地温在0~2 m波动较大,随季节在0℃上下摆动,而2 m以下地温稳定少变,并且在60°N以北地区出现永久冻结。四套地温产品较好地反映了这些特征。无论春夏,还是年平均,四套地温产品气候态都呈“南暖北冷”的特征,但ERA-Land的空间分布与观测最接近。就季节循环而言,ERA-Land最能反映该地区土壤的冻融过程和土壤温度的季节演变。四套地温产品年际变率（标准差）与观测的差异随季节和土壤层变化大,情况比较复杂。就年际变化趋势而言,四套地温产品与观测的相关性,夏季好于春季,表层好于深层,并且ERA-Land土壤温度拥有四套地温产品最多的共性,最能反映观测地温的年际变化。     

江苏高邮、宝应MS4.9级地震现场震害调查与破坏原因研究

江苏高邮、宝应Ms4．9级地震在极震区造成了数10间农村民居不同程度和不同方式的破坏,出现人员伤亡。震后对地震灾害现场进行震害调查与破坏原因研究,典型的震害特征包括砖砌体、砖木和砖混结构房屋局部倾倒、墙体贯通开裂、房顶瓦片掀翻和烟囱倒塌等。农村民居遭到破坏的主要因素包括：选址不当、施工质量较差、砂浆强度不够、缺少圈梁和构造柱等。同时,分析了竖向地震作用和鞭梢效应等地震效应,讨论了砖砌体和砖混结构抗震设计的加固方法和改善抗震性能的构造措施等,为农村民居的抗震设防和减轻震害损失等提供参考。     

主磁场梯度的空间分布和长期变化特征

根据GUFM1和IGRF11模型,计算1590—2010年主磁场总强度F、水平分量H和磁倾角I三个要素的水平梯度和垂直梯度,分析了它们的空间分布和长期变化特点.结果表明:F和H的垂直梯度与其磁场的空间分布类似,水平方向的梯度以及磁倾角I在3个方向的梯度都与其磁场分布有明显差异.H的3个方向的梯度分布清楚地指示出南磁极的位置.梯度的长期变化表明,北半球磁场梯度漂移缓慢,南半球磁场梯度变化较快.磁倾角的垂直梯度显示,中太平洋负异常周围的正异常在围绕该负异常旋转.近赤道的梯度异常带在60°W附近的转折是由印度洋异常向非洲方向移动所致.     

Resolution of GPR bowtie antennas: An experimental approach

Since target reflections directly depend on the emitted pulse characteristics, a key factor for carrying out a successful GPR survey is to know as much as possible about the transmission features of the antennas used. This information is very important in order to choose the right antennas and set the appropriate configuration parameters for a specific survey. With this in mind this paper deals with the development of a set of laboratory experiments on the resolution capabilities of three bowtie antennas at frequencies of 500, 800 and 1000 MHz. Results from these measurements give a first estimation of the resolution of the antennas under test, showing the advantage of performing experiments rather than relying only on theoretical assumptions. The results are also expressed in terms of the central wavelength for each antenna and compared with some theoretical estimations proposed in the specialized bibliography.     

垂直重力梯度反演Moho面的频谱域公式及其应用

通过求解引力相等原则下的Fredholm积分方程,可以得到不规则单一密度界面(Moho面)的起伏.本文充分参考了前人的理论研究,推导出扰动垂直重力梯度确定Moho面深度的频谱域表达式,该式具有二次项迭代精度.运用此公式进行了全球Moho面的恢复计算,并将该结果与CRUST1.0模型和GEMMA Moho模型进行了对比和验证.