Effect of soil crusting on the emission and transport of wind-eroded sediment: field measurements on loamy sandy soil

Field data are reported for the horizontal and vertical flux of wind-eroded sediment on an agricultural field in northern Germany. Measurements were made during a windstorm that hit the region on 18 May 1999. The magnitude of both fluxes was significantly affected by the presence of a surface crust covering the test field. Measuring the physical crust strength at 45 locations with a torvane, the relationships between crust strength (τ) and the horizontal (F_h) and vertical (F_v) sediment fluxes were investigated. Both fluxes decreased as the surface crust became stronger. The decay behaved as an exponential function for both types of flux. The horizontal sediment flux over a crusted surface can be accurately predicted by completing Marticorena and Bergametti's [Journal of Geophysical Research 100 (1995) 16415] erosion model with a crust function. The vertical particle flux over crusted soil can be calculated by adding a similar function to Alfaro and Gomes's [Journal of Geophysical Research 106D (2001) 18075] dust production model. The study also suggests that the gradual bombardment of a surface crust by impacting particles does not immediately result in a decay of the crust's protective effect, provided that the crust has a minimum thickness. However, once the crust becomes perforated, its protective effect disappears very quickly, leading to much higher horizontal and vertical sediment fluxes than predicted for undamaged crusted soil.     

A Global Vertical Reference Frame Based on Four Regional Vertical Datums

A Global Vertical Reference Frame (GVRF) has been realized by means of several regional and local vertical datums (LVD) distributed world-wide: the North American Vertical Datum 1988 (NAVD 88), Australian Height Datum 1971 (AHD 71), LVD France, Institute Géographique National 1969 (IGN 69) and Brazilian Height Datum 1957 (BHD 57). The vertical shifts of the above LVD origins have been related to the adopted reference geopotential value W ₀ = (62 636 856.0 ± 0.5) m²s^–2 and they were determined at the 5 cm level. However, the W ₀ reference value can be chosen arbitrarily, the methodology, which was developed here, does not require that the above value be adopted.     

全站仪垂直角一测回标准偏差检定方法的研究

摘要通过对全站仪测角部分编码技术分析,按照检定规程中关于测角部分中对于一测回垂直角标准偏差检定,得出在计算一测回竖直角标准偏差上进行改动即可检定方法。     

全型垂直涡度倾向方程的另一导出形式

地球大气运动同时满足牛顿第二定律与热力学第一定律,利用大气动力与热力方程对热力与动力变量的联系,直接将变形处理后的大气运动方程(涡度方程)与热力学方程结合起来,导出了显式包含热力与动力作用的全型垂直涡度倾向方程。     

In Situ Pore Water Pressure Dissipation Testing of Marine Clay under Reclamation Fills

In situ dissipation tests provide a means of evaluating the in situ coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity of soft clays. Dissipation tests by means of piezocone (CPTU), dilatometer (DMT), self-boring pressuremeter (SBPT) and BAT permeameter (BAT) were utilized in the characterization of the coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity of Singapore marine clay at Changi in a land reclamation project. Dissipation tests were carried out prior to reclamation as well as after ground improvement with vertical drains to compare the changes in the coefficient of horizontal consolidation and horizontal hydraulic conductivity prior to and after ground improvement. Tests were carried out in a vertical drain area as well as in an adjacent untreated control area after 23 months of surcharge loading, for comparison purposes. The purpose of this research is to determine the horizontal consolidation parameters of Singapore marine clay prior to reclamation as well as after 23 months of surcharge loading with and without vertical drains by means of in situ dissipation tests.     

On the vertical structure of the Rhine region of freshwater influence

An idealised three-dimensional numerical model of the Rhine region of fresh water influence (ROFI) was set up to explore the effect of stratification on the vertical structure of the tidal currents. Prandle’s dynamic Ekman layer model, in the case of zero-depth-averaged, cross-shore velocities, was first used to validate the response of the numerical model in the case of barotropic tidal flow. Prandle’s model predicted rectilinear tidal currents with an ellipse veering of up to 2%. The behaviour of the Rhine ROFI in response to both a neap and a spring tide was then investigated. For the given numerical specifications, the Rhine plume region was well mixed over the vertical on spring tide and stratified on neap tide. During spring conditions, rectilinear tidal surface currents were found along the Dutch coast. In contrast, during neap conditions, significant cross-shore currents and tidal straining were observed. Prandle’s model predicted ellipse veering of 50%, and was found to be a good indicator of ellipticity magnitude as a function of bulk vertical eddy viscosity. The modelled tidal ellipses showed that surface currents rotated anti-cyclonically whereas bottom currents rotated cyclonically. This caused a semi-diurnal cross-shore velocity shearing which was 90° out of phase with the alongshore currents. This cross-shore shear subsequently acted on the horizontal density gradient in the plume, thereby causing a semi-diurnal stratification pattern, with maximum stratification around high water. The same behaviour was exhibited in simulations of a complete spring–neap tidal cycle. This showed a pattern of recurring stratification on neaps and de-stratification on springs, in accordance with observations collected from field campaigns in the 1990’s. To understand the increase in ellipticities to 30% during neaps and the precise shape of the vertical ellipse structure, stratification has to be taken into account. Here, a full three-dimensional numerical model was employed, and was found to represent the effect of de-coupling of the upper and lower layers due to a reduction of mixing at the pycnocline.     

An Improvement of the Louis Scheme for the Surface Layer in an Atmospheric Modelling System

The Louis scheme for calculating the vertical eddy fluxes within the atmospheric surface layer is improved by broadening the original assumptions. In our approach, the momentum and heat transfer roughness lengths (z₀ and z_T respectively) can be different, and z₀ need not be negligibly small compared with the lowest height (z) in modelling. For these conditions, we choose more consistent wind and potential temperature profile forms, then derive new algorithms for calculating fluxes. Improvement is demonstrated for a wide range of z/L (L is the Obukhov length), z/z₀ and z₀ z_T, by comparing these fluxes with those derived from a theoretical surface-layer model. The improved algorithms can be used in atmospheric modelling systems for more varied surfaces and a wide range of atmospheric stability.     

Combining the geodetic models of vertical crustal deformation

Different kinds of analytical models of vertical curstal deformation have both advantages and disadvantages, and are appropriate to different deformation patterns. It is difficult to identify which deformation model is most suitable for a particular deformation area. In order to obtain a more precise and reliable analytical result, the combined model based on forecast theory has been approached. As a result, the fitting ability of single models is significantly improved. The combined model still possesses the same important features as the single models, which enable transferal of the derived crustal deformation information, within or even outside the time span of the data coverage, from geodetic sites to any user-specified locations where geodetic data may not exist. Examples are presented of both numerical simulation and a real-life situation, and the results are analysed in detail to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed methodology. Received: 26 January 1998 / Accepted 14 August 1998     

新疆天山山地自然灾害垂直带谱及其特征

分析天山山地由气候原因引起的自然灾害分布的垂直带谱,主要灾害类型有１２种,可分为３个带：（１）基带（暴雨－塌方带）：主要是由中、低山突发性的降雨引起的各种灾害。此带灾害频发时期与最大降水期是同步的。（２）中带（融水－冰冻带）：其灾害大多同温度的变化有密切的关系。（３）上带（风吹雪－雪崩带）：由积雪运动造成的灾害多集中在这里。山地坡向和高度对自然灾害垂直带谱的组成和灾害出现的频率影响很大。由于温度和     

关于1976年松潘地震成因的讨论

作者在前人研究的基础上,通过对1976年松潘7.2级地震的有关资料的分析,同时与海城地震和唐山地震进行对比,认为松潘地震及伴随该次地震而发生的各类现象是共出一因的,其成因可能与地壳内岩浆上涌有关.作者用岩浆的上涌力、热的发散及气体的逸出,对该次地震的发生、前兆及震后效应等现象作出了解释,最后对有关问题进行了讨论.