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241.
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本文从垂直分辨率、时间更新频率和要素完整性三个方面,对水平网格距为1 km的华南区域短时临近预报模式(TRAMS_RUC_1 km: Tropical Region Assimilation Model for South China Sea_The Rapid Update Cycle_1 km)中的初始场和侧边界方案进行改进研究。首先选择一次华南飑线个例进行敏感性试验,研究结果表明:(1)提高初始场和侧边界的垂直分辨率以后,模式对飑线内部中小尺度对流系统引起的强降水中心的模拟结果明显更加接近实况,而增加中低层的垂直分辨率对预报的改进起到了主要作用。(2)将模式侧边界时间更新频率从6 h一次提高到1 h一次以后,模式侧边界要素场的逐小时剧烈变化信息可以比较完整的保留下来。在使用高时间分辨率的侧边界条件进行模拟时,粤西沿海地区的水汽辐合明显加强,这对原来模式预报飑线移速偏慢现象会有改善作用。(3)当模式侧边界条件具有较高的时空分辨率时,进一步补充垂直速度和云微物理变量的侧边界条件对于飑线模拟结果的影响并不明显。总的来说,提高初始场和侧边界的垂直分辨率以及增加侧边界更新的时间分辨率,对于区域高分辨率模式对这次华南飑线预报效果的改进具有重要意义,而忽略垂直速度和云微物理量的侧边界条件则是一种可以接受的简化。在个例研究的基础上,利用改进后的初、边界条件进行为期一个月(2019年4月份)的批量试验,评估结果表明新方案对于逐小时降水空间分布和日变化特征的模拟均有明显改善。 相似文献
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M. Beekmann G. Ancellet G. Mégie H. G. J. Smit D. Kley 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1994,19(3):259-288
An intercomparison campaign was conducted at the Observatoire de Haute Provence (OHP) in Southern France in September 1989 in order to compare the three instruments used for vertical tropospheric ozone profiling in the European TOR (Tropospheric Ozone Research Project) network: balloon borne ECC and Brewer-Mast sondes and a ground based UV-DIAL (DifferentialAbsorptionLidar). Additionally, a stratospheric lidar system and the Dobson spectrophotometer of the OHP were operated. Seven simultaneously measured vertical ozone profiles gave evidence for systematic differences of 15% between both types of electrochemical sondes in the troposphere, the Brewer-Mast sondes reading the smaller ozone values. These differences might be explained on the one hand by a possible contamination of the ozone sensor with reducing substances, causing a negative bias mainly for Brewer-Mast sondes and, on the other hand, by the evolution of the sonde background current during the flight, causing a positive bias for ECC sondes and a negative bias for Brewer-Mast sondes. The tropospheric lidar system, measuring the vertical ozone distribution between 6 and 12–15 km, showed ozone concentrations intermediate between the sonde results. This is in good agreement with its estimated systematic error of better than 7% in the upper troposphere. In the stratosphere, the differences between electrochemical sondes and the lidar are between 5 and 10% before the normalisation with the total ozone values measured by the Dobson spectrophotometer, and always below 5% after. While the Dobson normalisation thus corrects rather well the stratospheric part of the sonde profile, it only partially reduces errors occurring in the troposphere. 相似文献
245.
利用卫星重力数据计算地球内部密度异常 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
地球外部重力场是由地球内部物质分布决定的。本文利用RAPP81180阶卫星重力位系数根据异常源埋深与重力位系数阶数的关系和重力场分离方法计算了经度为90°E的地球密度异常剖面,得到了地球内部不同深度的密度异常结果,并初步作了地球物理解释.计算结果得到的深度为65km处的低密度异常带与地球模型的LID层和C层较为接近。 相似文献
246.
本文对目前地壳垂直形变的数据采集、使用、信息提取及解释的现状等进行了分析,指出了存在的一些缺陷或不足,同时也提出了一些有关的看法。如果这些问题得不到较好的解决,则必然会导致形变分析的混乱,以致于影响形变研究的深入。 相似文献
247.
An analytical formulation is developed for the resultant electromagnetic field of an oscillating vertical magnetic dipole located over a thin conductive sheet of infinite extent. The sheet is characterized by a conductivity-thickness product or conductance d that may be a function of the horizontal coordinates. The system of integral equations arising in the general formulation is simplified greatly when azimuthal symmetry prevails. Numerical results for a Gaussian variation of d in the radial direction are presented for the case of a symmetrically located source. These results are for the fields at the level of the source dipole over the conductive sheet. It is shown that the quadrature response of the sheet is enhanced when there is rapid variation of the conductance. The null in the resultant wave tilt is also found to be shifted toward the direction of increasing conductance. 相似文献
248.
Organic biomarkers for tracing carbon cycling in the Gulf of Papua (Papua New Guinea) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
K.A. Burns P. Greenwood R. Benner D. Brinkman G. Brunskill S. Codi I. Zagorskis 《Continental Shelf Research》2004,24(19):2373-2394
Sediment traps were deployed in the Gulf of Papua in June–July 1997, to determine fluxes of organic matter and inorganic elements from the photic zone to deeper waters at the base of the continental slope and in the northern Coral Sea. Three stations, ranging from 900 to 1500 m depth, had “shallow” traps at 300 m below the water surface and “deep” traps set 100 m above the bottom. Infiltrex II water samplers collected particulate and dissolved organic matter from the Fly, Purari and Kikori rivers, and near-surface water from the shelf of the Gulf of Papua. Samples were analysed for molecular organic biomarkers to estimate the sources of organic carbon and its cycling processes.Dry weight fluxes from the shallow traps ranged from 115 to 181 mg m−2 day−1 and particulate organic carbon (POC) fluxes ranged from 1.2 to 1.9 mM OC m−2 d−1 with molar organic carbon to particulate nitrogen ratios (C/N) ranging from 6.0 to 6.5. Fluxes in deep traps were likely influenced by both early diagenesis and entrapment of resuspended shelf sediments. Dry weight fluxes in deep traps ranged from 106 to 574 mg m−2 day−1 and POC fluxes ranged from 0.6 to 1.5 mM OC m−2 d−1, with C/N ratios ranging from 8.5 to 10.8. 13C/12C ratios were −20.2‰ to −21.7‰ in all trap samples, indicating that most of the settling POC was “marine-derived”. Shallow traps had δ15N values of 6.3‰ to 7.2‰ while the values in deep traps were 4.9–5.0‰, indicating the N-rich near-surface OC was less degraded than that in the deep traps. The biogenic lipids consisted of hydrocarbon, sterol and fatty acid biomarkers indicative of marine zooplankton, phytoplankton and bacteria. Sterol markers for diatoms and dinoflagellates were abundant in the water samples. Highly branched isoprenoid alkenes, usually attributable to diatoms, were also detected in both water and shallow traps. Traces of C26–C34 n-alcohols indicative of land–plant biomarkers, were found in river water samples and in the shallow sediment traps. A large unresolved complex mixture (UCM) of hydrocarbons, and a uniform distribution of n-alkanes, indicative of petroleum hydrocarbons, were also detected in the traps. Hopane and sterane biomarkers detected in the trap oil were characteristic of a marine carbonate source, and the aromatic hydrocarbon composition distinguished at least two different oil signatures.We concluded that mass and POC fluxes were similar to those reported for other continental shelves and marginal oceans in tropical and subtropical regions. There was a dramatic decrease in POC as particles sank, due to zooplankton repackaging and photochemical and bacterial decomposition. Carbon isotopic and biomarker patterns showed most of the POC in the sediment traps was marine-sourced with only traces of terrestrial input. There was a significant flux of petroleum, which may signal the existence of natural petroleum seeps in this region. 相似文献
249.
We present a model to investigate the success and resulting patterns of phytoplankton migration, based on motility which depends exclusively on the internal energy and nutrient state of the cells. The model consists of migrating and non-migrating sub compartments for phytoplankton, and migration is a function of the prescribed threshold values for internal quotas. The different modes of phytoplankton behavior are evaluated in the framework of a coupled physical–biological model that includes wind-driven up- and downwelling. The results show that (1) migration is almost always advantageous with respect to biomass, (2) a wide variety of migration patterns (e.g., subsurface maxima, surface-avoidance behavior) can be reproduced by a relatively simple treatment of motility, (3) multiple deep chlorophyll maxima can be explained as the result of certain threshold values in combination with negligible vertical movement of the water, and (4) descending tongues of high phytoplankton concentration may be caused by migratory behavior and not necessarily by subduction due to frontal convergence. Thus, our model offers explanations for a large variety of observed phytoplankton distributions and migration patterns.The comments of two anonymous reviewers are gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
250.