国土空间规划视角的北京市生态保护红线建设

针对保障生态保护红线精准落地、服务国土空间规划问题,该文基于北京市生态保护红线评估工作实践,以国土空间规划为视角,提出生态保护红线成效评估指标,分析了北京市生态保护红线校核前后边界规则程度、地表覆盖以及与自然保护区协调程度的变化。研究结果表明,北京市生态保护红线校核后边界复杂程度降低;房屋建筑区、构筑物、人工堆掘地、铁路与道路、种植土地均有所减少,荒漠与裸露地表基本没有变化,林草覆盖、水域明显增加;自然保护区各功能分区面积都有所增加。在今后生态保护红线动态更新过程中要全面掌握空间规划需求,推进“多规合一”实施,实现全市“一张图”。     

面向地理国情监测的房屋建筑区树冠覆盖多特征协同提取

针对全国地理国情监测工作新增树冠覆盖提取这一全新的工作任务,本文通过深入分析房屋建筑区主要地物光谱特征和纹理特征,确定以光谱特征归一化植被指数（NDVI）,以及对比度（contrast）信息熵（entropy）两个纹理特征作为判断规则,按照面向对象的思路,设计了一种综合应用高分辨率遥感影像光谱特征和纹理特征的房屋建筑区树冠覆盖范围提取方法。试验结果表明,该方法能够自动提取房屋建筑区树冠覆盖范围,大幅降低了当前常用的目视解译方法的工作量,与采用单一影像特征的提取方法相比,本文方法能够有效地区分房屋建筑区内与树冠覆盖光谱特征相近的地物要素。     

Effects of a century of land cover and climate change on the hydrology of the Puget Sound basin

The Puget Sound basin in northwestern Washington, USA has experienced substantial land cover and climate change over the last century. Using a spatially distributed hydrology model (the Distributed Hydrology‐Soil‐Vegetation Model, DHSVM) the concurrent effects of changing climate (primarily temperature) and land cover in the basin are deconvolved, based on land cover maps for 1883 and 2002, and gridded climate data for 1915–2006. It is found that land cover and temperature change effects on streamflow have occurred differently at high and low elevations. In the lowlands, land cover has occurred primarily as conversion of forest to urban or partially urban land use, and here the land cover signal dominates temperature change. In the uplands, both land cover and temperature change have played important roles. Temperature change is especially important at intermediate elevations (so‐called transient snow zone), where the winter snow line is most sensitive to temperature change—notwithstanding the effects of forest harvest over the same part of the basin. Model simulations show that current land cover results in higher fall, winter and early spring streamflow but lower summer flow; higher annual maximum flow and higher annual mean streamflow compared with pre‐development conditions, which is largely consistent with a trend analysis of model residuals. Land cover change effects in urban and partially urban basins have resulted in changes in annual flow, annual maximum flows, fall and summer flows. For the upland portion of the basin, shifts in the seasonal distribution of streamflows (higher spring flow and lower summer flow) are clearly related to rising temperatures, but annual streamflow has not changed much. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Integrated vegetation classification and mapping using remote sensing and GIS techniques

1INTRODUCTIONResearchonglobalenvironmentalchange,especiallyglobalvegetationchange,hasbeenmoreandmoreemphasizedbyscientistsandgovernments.HoWever,theinvestigationofvegetationcoveredinlargeareaneedagreatdealoffundandlaal.Asthesatelliteremotesensingdatahavebeenavailablesinceearly1980s,thesedataarebeingemployedtowardstOtheimprovementofvegetationclassification.NOAA--AVHRRdatahavebeenmoreandmoreusedbyscientistsbecauseOfitsshorttemPOralrefution,largescope,inexpensivecostandbreadwavebands.On…     

A spectral-geophysical approach for detecting pipeline leakage

Leakage of hydrocarbon has a large economic and environmental impact. Traditional methods for investigating leakage and resulting pollution, such as drilling, are destructive, time consuming and expensive. Remote sensing is an alternative that is non-destructive and has been been tested extensively for exploration of onshore hydrocarbon reservoirs and detection of hydrocarbons at the Earth’s surface. In this research, a leaking pipeline is investigated through field reflectance spectrometry and the findings are validated with traditional drilling and geophysical measurements. The measurements show a significant increase of vegetation anomalies on the pipeline with respect to areas further away. The observed anomalies are positively related to hydrocarbon pollution through chemical analysis of drillings. Subsurface geophysical measurements show a large correlation with observed surface vegetation stress, enhancing the identification of hydrocarbon-related vegetation stress through spectroscopy.     

Changing landscape in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Yangtze River from 1977 to 2005: Land use/land cover,vegetation cover changes estimated using multi-source satellite data

The eco-environment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) in China has received much attention due to the construction of the Three Gorges Hydropower Station. Land use/land cover changes (LUCC) are a major cause of ecological environmental changes. In this paper, the spatial landscape dynamics from 1978 to 2005 in this area are monitored and recent changes are analyzed, using the Landsat TM (MSS) images of 1978, 1988, 1995, 2000 and 2005. Vegetation cover fractions for a vegetation cover analysis are retrieved from MODIS/Terra imagery from 2000 to 2006, being the period before and after the rising water level of the reservoir. Several analytical indices have been used to analyze spatial and temporal changes. Results indicate that cropland, woodland, and grassland areas reduced continuously over the past 30 years, while river and built-up area increased by 2.79% and 4.45% from 2000 to 2005, respectively. The built-up area increased at the cost of decreased cropland, woodland and grassland. The vegetation cover fraction increased slightly. We conclude that significant changes in land use/land cover have occurred in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. The main cause is a continuous economic and urban/rural development, followed by environmental management policies after construction of the Three Gorges Dam.     

Spatial distribution of land cover and vegetation activity along topographic gradient in an arid river valley, SW China

Anthropogenic activities have become more and more important in characterizing the landscape, but their impacts are still restricted by natural environments. This paper discusses the interactions of anthropogenic activity, vegetation activity and topography through describing the spatial distribution of land cover and vegetation activity （represented by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI） along topographic gradient in a mountainous area of southwestern China. Our results indicate that the existing landscape pattern is controlled by anthropogenic activities as well as topographic factors. Intensive anthropogenic activities mainly occur in areas with relatively low elevation, gentle and concave slopes, as these areas are easy and convenient to attain for human. Because of the destruction by human, some land cover types （mainly grassland and shrub） are only found in relatively harsher environments. This study also finds that topographic wetness index （W） used in other places only reflects runoff generation capacity, but not indicate the real spatial pattern of soil water content in this area. The relationships between NDVI and W, and NDVI and length slope factor （LSF） show that runoff and erosion have complex effects on vegetation activity. Greater values of W and LSF will lead to stronger capacity to produce runoff and transport sediment, and thereby increase soil water content and soil deposition, whereas beyond a certain threshold runoff and erosion are so strong that they would destruct vegetation growth. This study provides information needed to successfully restore native vegetation, improve land management, and promote sustainable development in mountainous areas, especially for developing regions.     

Effects of wave age and air stability on whitecap coverage

The paper considers the effects of wave age and air stability on the whitecap coverage at sea. This is made by using the logarithmic mean wind velocity profile including a stability function as well as adopting a recent wave age dependent sea surface roughness formula. The results are valid for wind waves in local equilibrium with the steady wind. Examples of results demonstrate clear effects of wave age and air stability on the whitecap coverage. Comparisons are also made with field measurements by Sugihara et al. [Sugihara, Y., et al., 2007. Variation of whitecap coverage with wave-field conditions. J. Mar. Syst. 66, 47–60], representing unstable air stability conditions. Although the data basis is limited, the wave age independent Charnock sea roughness based predictions capture the main features of the observed whitecap coverage, suggesting a stronger dependence on air stability than on wave age in the data.     

基于Landsat影像的木里煤田矿区植被覆盖提取及时空变化分析

木里煤田地处青藏高原典型生态环境脆弱地带的大通河源头,本文以Landsat影像为数据源,基于归一化植被指数像元二分模型估算木里煤田矿区1990-2016年植被覆盖度,监测其动态变化及时空发展规律。研究发现,1990-2016年矿区裸土及低植被覆盖面积增加156.60 km^2,中植被覆盖面积增加153.37 km^2,高植被覆盖面积减少309.99 km^2。动态监测结果表明,1990-2016年木里煤田植被覆盖呈现严重退化趋势,退化最明显区域出现在矿区周边;时空格局变化分析结果表明,矿区植被覆盖等级逐渐向低植被覆盖等级转变,植被覆盖区域面积逐渐缩小。通过监测木里煤田矿区植被覆盖动态变化并分析其时空变化特征,为研究区生态环境修复,土地复垦等工作提供相关数据参考及技术支撑。     

基于多源遥感数据的植被覆盖度反演方法比较研究

采用GF-1号、ZY-3号以及Landsat-8卫星数据,利用回归模型和像元二分模型,通过对建立的四类植被指数NDVI、MSAVI、MVI和RVI,结合野外调查数据,提出NSD的概念来评价模型及方法的精度。实测数据与各类遥感影像的4种植被指数间均存在着显著的相关关系;通过NSD精度验证,说明空间分辨率较低的遥感数据,在一定程度上提高了反演精度;在4类植被指数中,RVI与MSAVI对于三类数据反演精度较高,且MSAVI对于较低分辨率遥感数据可能具有更好的消除土壤背景影响的作用。