Geochronological and petrological constraints from the evolution in the Saxon Granulite Massif,Germany, on the Variscan continental collision orogeny

Controversy over the plate tectonic affinity and evolution of the Saxon granulites in a two‐ or multi‐plate setting during inter‐ or intracontinental collision makes the Saxon Granulite Massif a key area for the understanding of the Palaeozoic Variscan orogeny. The massif is a large dome structure in which tectonic slivers of metapelite and metaophiolite units occur along a shear zone separating a diapir‐like body of high‐P granulite below from low‐P metasedimentary rocks above. Each of the upper structural units records a different metamorphic evolution until its assembly with the exhuming granulite body. New age and petrologic data suggest that the metaophiolites developed from early Cambrian protoliths during high‐P amphibolite facies metamorphism in the mid‐ to late‐Devonian and thermal overprinting by the exhuming hot granulite body in the early Carboniferous. A correlation of new Ar–Ar biotite ages with published P–T–t data for the granulites implies that exhumation and cooling of the granulite body occurred at average rates of ~8 mm/year and ~80°C/Ma, with a drop in exhumation rate from ~20 to ~2.5 mm/year and a slight rise in cooling rate between early and late stages of exhumation. A time lag of c. 2 Ma between cooling through the closure temperatures for argon diffusion in hornblende and biotite indicates a cooling rate of 90°C/Ma when all units had assembled into the massif. A two‐plate model of the Variscan orogeny in which the above evolution is related to a short‐lived intra‐Gondwana subduction zone conflicts with the oceanic affinity of the metaophiolites and the timescale of c. 50 Ma for the metamorphism. Alternative models focusing on the internal Variscan belt assume distinctly different material paths through the lower or upper crust for strikingly similar granulite massifs. An earlier proposed model of bilateral subduction below the internal Variscan belt may solve this problem.     

大别山东段榴辉岩的成分特征及其成因意义

大别山东段北部和南部榴辉岩的矿物组成和形成的温压条件有明显差异。北部榴辉岩有两种产状:一种产于超基性岩体内,另一种产于片麻岩內;它们均为石榴石-透辉石组合,不含石英,形成温度为600—740℃。南部榴辉岩均产于大别群片麻岩或大理岩中,为石榴石-绿辉石组合,含石英,形成温度为650—800℃。这些差异反映了它们形成环境不同,前者可能是俯冲洋壳在较深部位变质而成,后者可能与俯冲陆壳有关。     

对安徽及邻区若干重要基础地质问题的认识

通过对覆盖大别山—张八岭地区及皖南山区1∶5万地质填图所获重要进展分析的基础上 ,结合专题调研 ,就秦岭—大别山—苏鲁造山带的形成演化及对地球动力学思考 ,郯庐断裂带的性质及其形成演化对中国东部构造格局的影响 ,海州群—宿松群—红安群的解体、层序、时代及其构造意义 ,中国东南构造格局与地壳增生演化及其对成岩、成矿作用控制等重要基础地质问题提出了一些看法     

The age of the Kagenfels granite (northern Vosges) and its bearing on the intrusion scheme of late Variscan granitoids

In the Saxothuringian part of the Vosges (France), a first series of Variscan plutonic rocks (diorites to granites) has been intruded by several younger granites. Rocks of both the older generations have been cross-cut by the late orogenic Kagenfels granite. The averages of the hitherto published mineral ages of the earlier rock generations are 331 and 334 Ma, respectively, whereas Rb-Sr and K-Ar dates around 290 Ma have been reported for the Kagenfels granite. Because of the unlikely large age hiatus, a redetermination of the intrusion age of the Kagenfels granite formation appeared to be irrevocable. The newly obtained mineral ages on the Kagenfels granite (K-Ar and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar biotite ages as well as single zircon radiogenic ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb data: 331 ± 5 Ma) are about 40 Ma older than the previous results. They are interpreted as giving the time of emplacement of the Kagenfels granite during the latest Visan. The mineral ages of the earlier plutonic rocks in this part of the Variscan Orogeny in all probability are not significantly different from their ages of intrusion. Therefore the age concordance of all three granitoid generations constrains a rather narrow time interval of orogenic magmatism close to the Lower-Upper Carboniferous boundary.     

大别造山带白垩纪花岗岩对太古宙基底的再造:来自U-Pb年代学、Sr-Nd-Hf同位素的证据

本文对大别造山带大崎山花岗岩进行了系统的野外调查、岩石学、地球化学、锆石U- Pb- Hf和Sr- Nd同位素研究。锆石U- Pb定年结果显示大崎山花岗岩形成于早白垩世,年龄为124~120 Ma。样品具有较高的SiO2(69. 3%~75. 2%)、Al2O3(13. 4%~15. 3%)和全碱(7. 94%~8. 71%)含量,较低的MgO(0. 23%~0. 84%)、TiO2(0. 16%~0. 49%)与TFeO(1. 05%~2. 66%)含量,A/CNK=1. 01~1. 03,显示弱过铝质特征。岩石富集大离子亲石元素(如Rb、K、Pb)、轻稀土元素以及Th、U等,亏损高场强元素(如Nb、Ta、Ti)、重稀土元素以及Sr和Ba,具有明显Eu负异常(δEu=0. 34~0. 52),属于高钾钙碱性的I型花岗岩,这些地球化学特征表明大崎山花岗岩经历了以斜长石、钾长石和磷灰石为主的分离结晶作用。白垩纪锆石εHf(t)值为〖CD*2/3〗32. 9~〖CD*2/3〗15. 2,对应tDM2为3258~2140 Ma,全岩εNd(t)为〖CD*2/3〗22. 5~〖CD*2/3〗15. 8,对应tDM2=2754~2209 Ma,指示岩浆源区主要为古老地壳物质。样品中含有大量的~2. 65 Ga继承锆石,锆石εHf(t)为〖CD*2/3〗7. 3~3. 6,显示与贾庙地区2. 65~2. 63 Ga片麻状花岗岩有良好的亲缘性。大崎山花岗岩可能源自北大别变质带太古宙基底的再造,其源区还存在年轻地壳物质的参与,可能形成于古太平洋板块的俯冲板片在130 Ma后快速后撤的伸展背景。     

喜马拉雅造山带中段亚东地区石榴角闪岩的成因：岩石学和锆石U- Pb年代学

喜马拉雅造山带中段出露的基性麻粒岩是理解印度大陆前喜马拉雅期演化历史和新生代碰撞造山作用的理想研究对象。本文对亚东多庆湖地区的石榴角闪岩进行了岩石学、全岩主微量元素地球化学和锆石U- Pb年代学研究,揭示了其原岩类型和新生代的变质作用过程。石榴角闪岩的原岩很可能为新元古代(~890 Ma)的玄武岩,具有E- MORB型岩石的地球化学特征。石榴角闪岩具有三期矿物组合：① 进变质矿物组合可能为石榴子石+角闪石+斜长石+钛铁矿+石英,即石榴子石核部及其中包裹体;② 峰期矿物组合为石榴子石+角闪石+斜长石+黑云母+石英,即石榴子石边部和基质矿物;③ 退变质矿物组合为角闪石+斜方辉石+斜长石+黑云母+石英,包括退变质域和石榴子石边部的后成合晶矿物。矿物温压计和相平衡模拟表明,石榴角闪岩进变质、峰期和退变质条件分别为609~621℃和0. 59~0. 65 GPa、805~845℃和0. 91~1. 04 GPa、825~840℃和0. 61~0. 68 GPa,经历了峰期高压麻粒岩相的变质作用。锆石U- Pb年代学研究表明,石榴角闪岩的峰期变质时间为34. 8~20. 3 Ma,退变质时间为18. 1~17. 7 Ma,可能经历了一个较长期的部分熔融过程。本文研究认为,亚东石榴角闪岩是印度板块向欧亚板块长期俯冲、地壳增厚成因的基性麻粒岩,原岩可能与Rodinia超大陆拼合相关;其以加热埋藏、近等温降压为特征的顺时针P- T轨迹指示了喜马拉雅造山带中段的大喜马拉雅岩系上部构造层位经历了长期持续的地壳增厚和高温麻粒岩相变质作用,以及早中新世(21~17 Ma)相对快速的减压抬升和随后(17 Ma之后)相对缓慢的折返至地表的演化过程。     

Two-dimensional geostatistical modeling and prediction of the fracture system in the Albala Granitic Pluton, SW Iberian Massif, Spain

We use a fracture index distribution method of geostatistical modelling and prediction to characterize quantitatively the fracture system in two-dimensions (2D) in the Mina Ratones area, located in the Albalá Granitic Pluton (SW Iberian Massif). The fracture index (FI) is a quantitative estimate of the fracture density in discrete domains. To validate the results of geostatistical modeling a detailed structural map of the area was also made on a scale of 1:1000. The resulting grids, expressed as pixel-maps, describe the continuous value of the FI in 2D for the whole Mina Ratones area. Based on the modelled distribution of the FI and their correlation with mapped faults, we distinguish two structural domains in the studied area: elongated bands of fracture zones with high FI values and romboidal blocks located between them with low FI values. The separation between both domains is gradual. Though a threshold value of the FI that separate both structural domains is not clearly defined, the fracture zones generally present FI>1 and the individualized blocks FI<0.50. As a consequence, the obtained grid of the FI permits the quantitative structural classification of the granitic massif in 2D and understanding fault zone architecture in the Mina Ratones area.     

Metamorphic evolution of garnet-spinel peridotites from the Variscan Schwarzwald (Germany)

Garnet-spinel peridotites form small, isolated, variably retrogressed bodies within the low-pressure high-temperature gneisses and migmatites of the Variscan basement of the Schwarzwald, southwest Germany. Detailed mineralogical and textural studies as well as geothermobarometric calculations on samples from three occurrences are presented. Two of the garnet-spinel peridotites have equilibrated at 680–770°C, 1.4–1.8 GPa within the garnet-spinel peridotite stability field, one of the samples having experienced an earlier stage within the spinel peridotite stability field (790°C, <1.8 GPa). The third sample, with only garnet and spinel preserved, probably equilibrated within the garnet peridotite stability field at higher pressures. These findings are in line with the distinction of two groups of ultramafic garnet-bearing high-pressure rocks with different equilibration conditions within the Schwarzwald (670–740°C, 1.4–1.8 GPa and 740–850°C, 3.2–4.3 GPa) which has previously been established (Kalt et al. 1995). The equilibration conditions of 670–770°C and 1.4–1.8 GPa for garnet-spinel peridotites from the Central Schwarzwald Gneiss Complex (CSGC) are similar to those for eclogites of the Schwarzwald and also correspond quite well to those for garnet-spinel peridotites from the Moldanubian zone of the Vosges mountains and of ecologites from the Moldanubian s.str. of the Bohemian Massif.     

Metamorphic Evolution of Iron-rich Mafic Cumulates from the Otztal-Stubai Crystalline Complex, Eastern Alps, Austria

Olivine-rich rocks containing olivine + orthopyroxene + spinel+ Ca-amphibole ± clinopyroxene ± garnet are presentin the central Ötztal–Stubai crystalline basementassociated with eclogites of tholeiitic affinity. These rockscontain centimetre-sized garnet layers and lenses with garnet+ clinopyroxene ± corundum. Protoliths of the olivine-richrocks are thought to be olivine + orthopyroxene + spinel dominatedcumulates generated from an already differentiated Fe-rich () tholeiitic magma that was emplaced into shallowcontinental crust. Protoliths of the garnet-rich rocks are interpretedas layers enriched in plagioclase and spinel intercalated ina cumulate rock sequence that is devoid of, or poor in, plagioclase.U–Pb sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe dating ofzircons from a garnet layer indicates that emplacement of thecumulates took place no later than 517 ± 7 Myr ago. Aftertheir emplacement, the cumulates were subjected to progressivemetamorphism, reaching eclogite-facies conditions around 800°Cand >2 GPa during a Variscan metamorphic event between 350and 360 Ma. Progressive high-P metamorphism induced breakdownof spinel to form garnet in the olivine-rich rocks and of plagioclase+ spinel to form garnet + clinopyroxene ± corundum inthe garnet layers. Retrogressive metamorphism at T 650–680°Cled to the formation of Ca-amphibole, chlorite and talc in theolivine-rich rocks. In the garnet layers, högbomite formedfrom corundum + spinel along with Al-rich spinel, Ca-amphibole,chlorite, aspidolite–preiswerkite, magnetite, ilmeniteand apatite at the interface between olivine-rich rocks andgarnet layers at P < 0·8 GPa. Progressive desiccationof retrogade fluids through crystallization of hydrous phasesled to a local formation of saline brines in the garnet layers.The presence of these brines resulted in a late-stage formationof Fe- and K-rich Ca-amphibole and Sr-rich apatite, both characterizedby extremely high Cl contents of up to 3·5 and 6·5wt % Cl, respectively. KEY WORDS: cumulates; Variscan metamorphism; SHRIMP dating; högbomite; saline brines     

一条Rodinia山脉——震旦纪的喜马拉雅山

笔者首次将海拔高度的概念及现代冰川理论 ,并结合古地磁资料 ,提出罗圈冰期时古天山 -秦岭山脉是一条大约位于赤道 -北回归线之间、由众多高山组成的 ,且许多山峰至少在 4 0 0 0m以上 ,已形成冰川、或许局部地区存在冰原的山脉 ,总的地理特征类似于今天的喜马拉雅山脉。而华北地块和库鲁克塔格地块是高原或平原 ,此二地块的南边是海域。古秦岭的南坡是现代秦岭的北坡。冰川融化时冰水携带的冰碛物向南流入海 ,所以华北地块上无冰碛物存在大地构造上 ,晋宁期以前 ,上述各地块相互独立。震旦纪时它们开始发生作用 ,秦岭地块和阿克苏—乌什地块分别向华北地块与库鲁克塔格地块汇聚 ,引起后者上升 ,逐渐发展成为山脉。至震旦纪末期 ,山脉上升到 4 0 0 0m以上 ,形成冰川。此后 ,山脉被剥蚀夷平 ,至寒武纪初 ,华北、库鲁克塔格两地块又降到海平面之下接受沉积 ,该山脉消亡。由此我们恢复了新元古代超大陆一条造山带 ,并推测新元古宙末期华北、华南、塔里木三大地块曾经汇聚在一起