Tectonometamorphic evolution of an intracontinental orogeny inferred from P–T–t–d paths of the metapelites from the Rehamna massif (Morocco)

New petrographic and microstructural observations, mineral equilibria modelling and U/Pb (monazite) geochronological studies were carried out to investigate the relationships between deformation and metamorphism across the Rehamna massif (Moroccan Variscan belt). In this area, typical Barrovian (muscovite to staurolite) zones developed in Cambrian to Carboniferous metasedimentary rocks that are distributed around a dome‐like structure. First assemblages are characterized by the presence of locally preserved andalusite, followed by prograde evolution culminating at 6 kbar and 620 °C in the structurally deepest staurolite zone rocks. This Barrovian sequence was subsequently uplifted to supracrustal levels, heterogeneously reworked at greenschist facies conditions, which was followed locally by static growth of andalusite, indicating heating to 2.5–4 kbar and 530–570 °C. The ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U monazite age of 298.3 ± 4.1 Ma is interpreted as minimum age of peak metamorphic conditions, whereas the ages of 275.8 ± 1.7 Ma and 277.0 ± 1.1 Ma date decompression and heating at low pressure, in agreement with previous dating of Permian granitoids intruding the Rehamna massif. The prograde metamorphism occurred during thickening and associated horizontal flow in the deeper crust (S1 horizontal schistosity). The horizontally disposed metamorphic zones were subsequently uplifted by a regional scale antiform during ongoing N–S compression. The re‐heating of the massif follows late massive E–W shortening, refolding and retrograde shearing of all previous fabrics coevally with regionally important intrusions of Permian granitoids. We argue that metamorphic evolution of the Rehamna massif occurred several hundred kilometres from the convergent plate boundaries in the interior of continental Gondwanan plate. The tectonometamorphic history of the Rehamna massif is put into Palaeozoic plate tectonic perspective and Late Carboniferous reactivation of (Devonian)–Early Carboniferous basins formed during stretching of the north Gondwana margin and formation of the Palaeotethys Ocean. The inherited heat budget of these magma‐rich basins plays a role in the preferential location of this intracontinental orogen. It is shown that rapid transition from lithospheric stretching to compression is characterized by specific HT type of Barrovian metamorphism, which markedly differs from similar Barrovian sequences along Palaeozoic plate boundaries reported from Variscan Europe.     

Petrogenesis of the Early Jurassic Longtang and Menglong Peraluminous Granites in Tengchong Terrane, and their Tectonic Implication

A comprehensive study of zircon U-Pb geochronology, in situ Hf isotopes, whole-rock major and trace element geochemistry, and Nd isotopes was carried out for two Early Jurassic two-mica granites (Longtang and Menglong) in the southern part of the Tengchong terrane, which is in the northern part of the larger Sibumasu terrane. We assess the origin of the granites and explore their possible genetic relationship to the Paleo-Tethyan regime. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating shows that they were simultaneously emplaced in the Early Jurassic (ca. 199 Ma). They have SiO2 contents of 69.7–75.1 wt% and are mainly strongly peraluminous with alumina saturation index (ASI) values ranging from 1.06 to 1.46. They show similar Mg# (0.29–0.42) to experimental partial melts of metasedimentary rocks under continental pressure-temperature (P-T) conditions. They are enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs) relative to heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), with moderately negative Eu anomalies and flat HREEs patterns. They show negative εNd(t) values (?9.0 to –12.4) and εHf(t) values (?8.0 to ?9.1). Elemental and isotopic data suggest that they most likely to formed by muscovite-dehydration melting of a metapelitic source at lower temperatures in the range of 700°C to 750°C. The granites might represent a post-collisional tectonic setting response to Paleo-Tethyan regime.     

浅论湘东北地区与燕山期花岗岩有关矿床的成矿系列与找矿方向

湘东北地区是华南重要的Au、Cu、Co、Pb、Zn、W等多金属以及Nb、Ta、Li等稀有金属的矿集区之一, 区内的(稀有)多金属矿床在空间展布及形成时间上显示与燕山期花岗岩关系密切。本文在系统梳理前人研究成果的基础上, 将湘东北地区燕山期花岗岩有关的(稀有)多金属矿床厘定为一个成矿系列以及6个成矿亚系列。与早燕山期侵入岩有关的铜多金属矿床成矿亚系列(Ⅰ)的成矿岩体为石英斑岩, 为壳幔同熔的产物。与晚燕山期侵入岩有关的各成矿亚系列(Ⅱ~Ⅵ)均与该区伸展拉张环境下深部地壳重熔形成的幕阜山和连云山花岗岩体有关, 其中锂铌钽等稀有金属成矿亚系列(Ⅱ)属二云母二长花岗岩分异出的伟晶岩型矿床; 幕阜山岩体的酸性花岗岩岩浆所分异的成矿流体为钨多金属成矿亚系列(Ⅲ)和铅锌多金属矿床(亚系列Ⅳ)提供了成矿物源; 连云山岩体花岗岩浆的上涌, 通过萃取元古宙地层中成矿元素以及致早期区域构造的重新活化, 为钴铜多金属成矿亚系列(Ⅴ)以及金多金属成矿亚系列(Ⅵ)提供了成矿物源及矿质的运移、储存空间。依据区域成矿规律和“缺位找矿”理论, 本文认为长平大断裂南端是寻找钴铜矿的有利地段, 湘东北地区具备良好的稀有金属及金等矿床的找矿前景。     

川西北碧口地块老河沟岩体和筛子岩岩体地球化学特征及其构造环境

老河沟岩体和筛子岩岩体位于碧口地块西南部。岩体的SiO2(69.89%～71.69%)和Al2O3(15.01%～16.25%)含量均很高,A/CNK在1.04～1.12之间,为硅和铝过饱和类型,属典型的强过铝质花岗岩。稀土元素总量(∑REE)为33.13×10-6～150.42×10-6,稀土元素配分曲线呈右倾型,具有弱的负铕异常。高场强元素(Ta、Nb、Ti等)具有明显的负异常,大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Sr等)具有明显的正异常。岩体可能是以杂砂岩成分为主的沉积岩部分熔融形成的花岗质岩浆上升侵位过程中形成的,是一种典型的壳源成因类型。老河沟岩体和筛子岩岩体具有后碰撞岩浆活动的特征,是印支期华北和扬子地块碰撞导致地壳加厚环境下下地壳部分熔融的产物,形成于同碰撞(挤压环境)向碰撞后(伸展环境)转化阶段,为后造山花岗岩类。     

Strain coupling between upper mantle and lower crust: natural example from the Běstvina granulite body, Bohemian Massif

Strain patterns within mantle rocks and surrounding coarse‐grained felsic granulites from the Kutná Hora Crystalline Complex in the Variscan Bohemian Massif have been studied in order to assess their strain coupling. The studied rock association occurs within low‐strain domains surrounded by fine‐grained granulite and migmatite. The Doubrava peridotite contains closely spaced and steeply dipping layers of garnet clinopyroxenite, which are parallel to the NE–SW‐striking, high‐temperature foliation in nearby granulites, while the Úhrov peridotite lacks such layering. The Spa?ice eclogite is not associated with peridotite and shows upright folds of alternating coarse‐ and fine‐grained varieties bearing NE–SW‐striking axial planes. Electron back‐scattered diffraction measurements revealed full strain coupling between clinopyroxenites and coarse‐grained granulites in the S₁ fabric that is superposed on the S₀ fabric preserved in peridotites. The B‐type olivine lattice preferred orientation (LPO) characterizes the S₀ fabric in peridotites and its reworking is strongly controlled by the presence of macroscopic clinopyroxenite layering. The S₁ in clinopyroxenites and coarse‐grained granulites is associated with the LS‐type clinopyroxene LPO and prism <c> slip in quartz respectively. While the S₁ fabric in these rock types is accompanied invariably by a sub‐vertical stretching lineation, the S₁ fabric developed in reworked Úhrov peridotite is associated with strongly planar axial (010) type of olivine LPO. The peridotites with the S₀ fabric are interpreted to be relicts of a fore‐arc mantle wedge hydrated to a various extent above the Saxothuringian subduction zone. The prograde metamorphism recorded in peridotites and eclogites occurred presumably during mantle wedge flow and was reaching UHP conditions. Strain coupling in the S₁ fabric between clinopyroxenites and granulites at Doubrava and upright folding of eclogites at Spa?ice document a link between tectonic and magmatic processes during orogenic thickening, coeval with intrusions of the arc‐related calcalkaline suites of the Central Bohemian Plutonic Complex (c. 360–345 Ma). Juxtaposition of peridotites and granulites could be explained by a rheological heterogeneity connected to the development of clinopyroxenite layering in the upper mantle and a previously published model of a lithospheric‐scale transpressional arc system. It invokes vertical shearing along NE–SW trending, sub‐vertical foliations in the upper mantle that could have led to an emplacement of mantle bodies into the granulitized, orogenic root in the sub‐arc region. Clearly, such a transpressional arc system could represent an important pathway for an emplacement of deep‐seated rocks in the orogenic lower crust.     

Metamorphic evolution of non‐equilibrated granulitized eclogite from Punta de li Tulchi (Variscan Sardinia) determined through texturally controlled thermodynamic modelling

The metamorphic evolution of a granulitized eclogite from Punta de li Tulchi, NE Sardinia, Italy, reconstructed utilizing a combined microstructural (symplectitic, coronitic and kelyphytic features) and thermodynamic approach, involved a complex metamorphic history with equilibrium attained only at a domainal scale. Microstructural analysis and mineral zoning allow recognition of reactants and products involved in successive balanced mineral reactions. The P–T conditions at which each microstructure was formed are constrained by calculating isochemical phase diagrams (pseudosections) for the composition of effectively reacting domains. A pre‐symplectite stage developed during prograde metamorphism under conditions ranging from 660–680 °C, 1.6–1.8 GPa to 660–700 °C at 1.7–2.1 GPa. Pseudosections calculated for subsequent clinopyroxene + plagioclase and orthopyroxene + plagioclase symplectitic coronae using the composition of effectively reacting microdomains suggest temperature in excess of 800 °C and pressures of 1.0–1.3 GPa. Modelling the development of later plagioclase + amphibole coronae around garnet during decompression yields conditions of 730–830 °C and 0.8–1.1 GPa. H₂O (wt%) isomodes indicate that the granulitized eclogites were H₂O‐undersaturated at peak‐P conditions and during most of the subsequent heating and decompression. This allowed the preservation of prograde garnet zoning in spite of the strong granulite facies overprint. The P–T evolution of Punta de li Tulchi granulitized eclogite is very similar in shape to that registered by other NE Sardinia retrogressed eclogites thus suggesting a common tectonic scenario for their evolution.     

新疆东准噶尔北部碱性花岗岩的特征、成因及构造意义

新疆东准噶尔北部的碱性花岗岩呈带状分布于乌伦古断裂及额尔齐斯─玛因鄂博断裂之间地区。碱性花岗岩以出现碱性暗色矿物及铁质黑云母为特征，高硅、高碱、低钙、低镁铁，富含高场强元素，属典型的Ａ型花岗岩，它们产出的特定构造环境，据化学成分的构造环境判别为板内非造山的裂谷环境；成因类型相当于Ｅｂｙ（１９９２）的Ａ１类Ａ型花岗岩，明显不同于东准噶尔中部及南部碱性花岗岩带产出的造山期后张性构造环境。     

Regional significance of kilometric-scale north-east vergent recumbent folds associated with east to south-east directed shear on the southern border of the Central Iberian Zone (Hornachos-Oliva region,Variscan belt,Iberian Peninsula)

On the southern border of the Central Iberian Zone there are two sectors with different styles of deformation. To the south-west, in the Hornachos sector, large-scale recumbent folds associated with ductile shearing can be seen. This shearing is characterized by a direction of movement parallel to the fold axes and can be correlated for 150 km along strike. The K-values of the strain ellipsoid range from 0.8 to 2.0. Stretching in the X direction, parallel to the recumbent fold axes, is more than 100%. To the north-east, in the Oliva sector, first-phase folds are upright and the strain intensity is lower than in the Hornachos sector. Metamorphic, geometric and kinematic considerations lead us to conclude that the shearing in the Hornachos sector is better explained as conjugate to a main shear zone along which the southern border of the Central Iberian Zone is moved onto the Ossa-Morena Zone. This main thrust is at present obliterated by a left-lateral extensional shear zone that affects a high pressure exotic unit located between the Central Iberian and the Ossa-Morena Zones. This high pressure unit constitutes a suture of the Variscan belt in the Iberian Peninsula.     

南岭地区高度演化花岗岩类的稀土元素模型

本文应用现有的理论模型和矿物／熔体分配系数讨论南岭地区高度演化花岗岩类的ＲＥＥ模型，包括重稀土富集型和稀土亏损型。在花岗岗岩浆分异演化过程中，副矿物（尤其是稀土矿物）的晶出种类，顺序和物理化学条件是控制ＲＥＥ强烈分馏的关键因素。ＲＥＥ分布型式不能简单地作为鉴别岩石成因的标志。     

Investigation for geothermal energy in Sweden

Preliminary investigations of the geothermal energy potential in Sweden are being carried out in crystalline rocks of Precambrian age, as well as in the Triassic Buntsandstone. The geothermal potential of fracture zones is also being investigated. Different methods for prospecting have been tried and compared.