Copula‐based joint probability function for PGA and CAV: a case study from Taiwan

This study aims to develop a joint probability function of peak ground acceleration (PGA) and cumulative absolute velocity (CAV) for the strong ground motion data from Taiwan. First, a total of 40,385 earthquake time histories are collected from the Taiwan Strong Motion Instrumentation Program. Then, the copula approach is introduced and applied to model the joint probability distribution of PGA and CAV. Finally, the correlation results using the PGA‐CAV empirical data and the normalized residuals are compared. The results indicate that there exists a strong positive correlation between PGA and CAV. For both the PGA and CAV empirical data and the normalized residuals, the multivariate lognormal distribution composed of two lognormal marginal distributions and the Gaussian copula provides adequate characterization of the PGA‐CAV joint distribution observed in Taiwan. This finding demonstrates the validity of the conventional two‐step approach for developing empirical ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) of multiple ground motion parameters from the copula viewpoint. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

宝石CT低剂量双相扫描测定肺体积在煤工尘肺患者中的应用研究

目的:探讨宝石CT低剂量双期扫描测定肺体积在煤工尘肺患者中的应用价值。方法:选择30例煤工尘肺男性患者行吸气相与呼气相双期低剂量宝石探测器64排HDCT胸部检查,图像重建采用适应性统计迭代重建(ASIR)技术,并在CT检查后3日内完成肺功能检查(PFT)。从既往行常规剂量64排VCT胸部检查的男性患者中选取30例做为对照组。得出各组图像的噪声和每次扫描的容积CT剂量指数(CTDI,DLP,ED)。两组间图像质量主观评分比较采用非参数Mann-Whitney U检验。以配对样本t检验比较两组间不同扫描剂量及不同呼吸状态下的图像噪声、容积CT剂量指数。采用Pearson相关分析检验全肺各容积指标(Vin,Vex,Vin–Vex,Vex/Vin,Vin–Vex/Vin 100%)与PFT指标(FVC,FEV1,FEV1/FVC%)的相关性。结果:所有图像质量主观评价均在中等评级以上,两组扫描的图像噪声无统计学意义;HDCT低剂量扫描并采用ASIR技术双相扫描剂量之和低于VCT常规剂量单次扫描剂量。煤工尘肺患者的肺容积指标(Vin,Vex,Vex/Vin,Vin–Vex/Vin100%)与PFT指标(FVC,FEV1%,FEV1/FVC%)三者均有比较好的相关性,其中Vex、Vex/Vin与PFT指标的相关性更好(P值均<0.01)。结论:宝石CT低剂量双相扫描肺体积指标可用于评价煤工尘肺患者肺功能,临床应用价值较高。      

THE RESEARCH OF THE SEISMOGENIC STRUCTURE OF THE LUSHAN EARTHQUAKE BASED ON THE SYNTHESIS OF THE DEEP SEISMIC DATA AND THE SURFACE TECTONIC DEFORMATION

The seismogenic structure of the Lushan earthquake has remained in suspensed until now. Several faults or tectonics, including basal slipping zone, unknown blind thrust fault and piedmont buried fault, etc, are all considered as the possible seismogenic structure. This paper tries to make some new insights into this unsolved problem. Firstly, based on the data collected from the dynamic seismic stations located on the southern segment of the Longmenshan fault deployed by the Institute of Earthquake Science from 2008 to 2009 and the result of the aftershock relocation and the location of the known faults on the surface, we analyze and interpret the deep structures. Secondly, based on the terrace deformation across the main earthquake zone obtained from the dirrerential GPS meaturement of topography along the Qingyijiang River, combining with the geological interpretation of the high resolution remote sensing image and the regional geological data, we analyze the surface tectonic deformation. Furthermore, we combined the data of the deep structure and the surface deformation above to construct tectonic deformation model and research the seismogenic structure of the Lushan earthquake. Preliminarily, we think that the deformation model of the Lushan earthquake is different from that of the northern thrust segment ruptured in the Wenchuan earthquake due to the dip angle of the fault plane. On the southern segment, the main deformation is the compression of the footwall due to the nearly vertical fault plane of the frontal fault, and the new active thrust faults formed in the footwall. While on the northern segment, the main deformation is the thrusting of the hanging wall due to the less steep fault plane of the central fault. An active anticline formed on the hanging wall of the new active thrust fault, and the terrace surface on this anticline have deformed evidently since the Quaterary, and the latest activity of this anticline caused the Lushan earthquake, so the newly formed active thrust fault is probably the seismogenic structure of the Lushan earthquake. Huge displacement or tectonic deformation has been accumulated on the fault segment curved towards southeast from the Daxi country to the Taiping town during a long time, and the release of the strain and the tectonic movement all concentrate on this fault segment. The Lushan earthquake is just one event during the whole process of tectonic evolution, and the newly formed active thrust faults in the footwall may still cause similar earthquake in the future.     

强震作用下超高桥墩动力稳定性理论研究

根据平截面假定,考虑超高桥墩大位移变形产生的几何非线性影响,建立超高桥墩的振动控制微分方程,利用变步长的龙格-库塔法进行求解,结合B-R运动判定准则,对超高桥墩在地震作用下的动力失稳机理进行研究。理论分析表明,超高桥墩的动力失稳与桥墩的几何尺寸、质量分布、边界条件有密切关系;桥墩动力失稳时刻随地震波加速度峰值的增大而减小;失稳时刻与失稳加速度荷载有对应关系。算例结果表明:本文方法正确,利用本文理论能够准确计算超高桥墩的失稳时刻及失稳加速度,对超高桥墩动力失稳的理论分析及工程实践有重要指导意义。     

2014年云南景谷6.6级地震前后活动能量场分析

本文将地震释放能量作为地震活动场的基本要素, 采用自然正交函数展开方法, 系统研究2014年景谷6.6级地震震中区域地震活动能量场的时空特征。 结果表明, 景谷6.6级地震前能量场的前4个主要特征值对应的典型能量场时间因子都出现明显上升变或下降异常, 空间等值线形成局部能量高值异常危险区, 可能是景谷 6.6级地震空间异常的中短期特征。 我们还进一步研究了景谷6.6级地震前后空间异常随时间的演变, 给出了异常发展变化模式, 最后应用研究地震资料的累积次数从物理角度解释异常形成的机制。     

Water ecological function zoning in Heihe River Basin,Northwest China

Rapid urbanization coupled with increase in population growth rate in recent years has accelerated economic pressure on the ecological environment leading to a gradual deterioration of global and regional environment. This has particularly resulted into water contamination and shortage of water resources thus posing a great threat to human survival. How to guaranteeing sustainable use of basin water resources has attracted more and more attentions. The Heihe River Basin is the secondary longest river inland China and the significantly water source of Hexi Corridor, the problem of water pollution, ecological environment deterioration and the shortage of water has seriously threatened the ecological system of the Heihe River Basin. In this study, through depicting the characteristics of natural environment, human activities, water ecosystem services and other factors in Heihe River Basin we delineated the water ecological function in Heihe River using the principal components analysis and the K-means clustering method. In the study, Heihe River Basin is divided into 3 primary level areas and 8 secondary level sub-areas. Water ecological characteristics analysis showed that the spatial distribution of the water ecological function of Heihe River Basin was not uniform, which are mainly showed in three aspects, function of windproof and sand fixation, function of soil erosion prevention and function of water sources conservation. The results of this study can provide effective and scientific theoretical references for the integrated water sources management and the ecological function optimization of the Heihe River Basin.     

Crustal attenuation characteristics of S-waves beneath the Eastern Tohoku region,Japan

An inversion method was applied to crustal earthquakes dataset to find S-wave attenuation characteristics beneath the Eastern Tohoku region of Japan.Accelerograms from 85 shallow crustal earthquakes up to25 km depth and magnitude range between 3.5 and 5.5were analyzed to estimate the seismic quality factor Q_s. A homogeneous attenuation model Q_s for the wave propagation path was evaluated from spectral amplitudes, at 24 different frequencies between 0.5 and 20 Hz by using generalized inversion technique. To do this, non-parametric attenuation functions were calculated to observe spectral amplitude decay with hypocentral distance. Then, these functions were parameterized to estimate Q_s. It was found that in Eastern Tohoku region, the Q_s frequency dependence can be approximated with the function 33 f~(1.22) within a frequency range between 0.5 and 20 Hz. However,the frequency dependence of Q_s in the frequency range between 0.5 and 6 Hz is best approximated by Q_s(f) = 36f~(0.94) showing relatively weaker frequency dependence as compared to the relation Q_s(f) = 6 f~(2.09) for the frequency range between 6 and 15 Hz. These results could be used to estimate source and site parameters for seismic hazard assessment in the region.     

传递函数在场地振动台模型试验中的应用研究

利用场地大型振动台试验,基于传递函数理论,计算得到场地的相对传递函数和绝对传递函数,并对两类传递函数特征以及利用两类传递函数计算场地动力特性参数的差异性进行了对比,并对采用传递函数进行场地频域动力响应估算的可行性和准确性进行了分析。研究结果表明：相对传递函数和绝对传递函数的虚部重合,采用两种传递函数虚部计算场地动力参数具有等同性,且采用两种传递函数虚部曲线计算得到的动力特性参数较为准确;固有频率的计算适合采用两种传递函数的虚部或是相对传递函数的模;场地阻尼比的计算宜采用两种传递函数的虚部或绝对传递函数的模;利用两种传递函数实部、虚部或模计算得到的场地加速度振型是一致的;利用传递函数估算场地频域动力响应是可行的,且相对传递函数的估算结果更加准确。该研究对传递函数在场地动力特性参数计算及场地频域响应估算方面进行了有益的尝试。     

基于突变理论的单根锚杆脱黏分析

针对工程中单根预应力锚杆的脱黏失效问题,基于突变理论提出一种研究的新思路。在建立简化力学模型的基础上,推导出锚固界面的非线性剪切滑移模型;视预应力锚杆为弹性体,根据弹性理论得出锚杆的总势能;引入突变理论,将锚杆势函数化简为尖点突变模型的标准形式,构建锚杆失效的临界判据,并进行脱黏分析。结果表明：所建非线性剪切滑移模型可以合理考虑锚固界面的软化特性;拉拔荷载作用下,锚杆杆体与周围注浆体的界面剪应力分布逐渐演化为单峰曲线,直至极限状态下整个锚固界面发生软化破坏;推导出的临界松动位移理论公式简单实用,可为研究单根预应力锚杆的脱黏失效提供参考。通过对工程算例进行验算分析,证明所提方法是合理可行的。     

水力劈裂对岩体中自然裂纹的影响研究

建立了求解自然裂纹和水力裂纹扩展的扩展有限元法,对裂纹附近区域的节点采用广义形函数,并采用线增函数消除混合单元,以提高裂纹附近的精度。引入水力劈裂的非耦合模型,即假设裂纹中的水压力为均布力;用砂浆法（线段-线段接触法）结合增广型拉格朗日乘子法处理受压裂纹段的接触条件。并通过算例分析了以下内容：计算了受压裂纹和裂纹面分布均布水压力的水力裂纹的应力强度因子,并与解析解进行了比较,结果表明,提出的方法具有很高的精度;模拟了水力裂纹对自然裂纹面的影响,并分析了自然裂纹面上的接触力和接触状态。