西沙群岛大气中海盐粒子的分布特征

分析了在西沙永兴岛观测的Ｃｌ＾－海盐核资料，主要结果有：（１）东北季风期干直径大于２μｍ的Ｃｌ＾－核平均浓度８７８个／Ｌ，平均含盐量１０５．４μｇ／ｍ＾３，其中干直径大于４μｍ的特大核平均为１９０个／Ｌ，最大间观测到干直径５７μｍ的Ｃｌ＾－粒子，均较该地在１９８７年５月西南季风盛行期的观测值高。谱型呈准单调下降的幂函数递减谱。（２）随距海面高度增加海盐粒子浓度与含盐量均有所减小。（３）Ｃｌ＾－粒子     

精密时钟单钟幂律谱系数的取值分析

精密时钟噪声可用五个幂律谱系数来表征其强弱。由于不存在实际可用的理想时钟作为参考,用以估计幂律谱系数的单钟噪声无法直接测出,而只能利用钟组内各钟之间的钟差。然而这是一个不适定问题．本文探讨了单钟幂律谱系数的取值范围与优化估计方法。     

地震时间序列的周期图分析方法和极大熵谱分析方法

利用华北地震区的地震资料（1000～1977）,对地震时间序列进行了周期图分析和极大熵谱分析,提取了隐含在随机噪声中的隐含周期。结果表明,这两种方法所得结果很接近,地震应变能√Ei;释放的隐含周期利用周期图分析提取的主要周期是30年、245年和305年,极大熵谱分析方法提取的主要周期是30年、240年和300年。这三个主要周期存在“倍30”的关系,240年和300年周期是30年周期的整数倍。30年周期反映了各活跃幕中的幕式活动规律,300年周期同各活跃期高潮时段之间的时间差的平均值相符,华北自1000年以来的四个活跃期高潮时段之间的时间差平均值是300年。     

多相滤波器组谱分析方法的性能讨论与天文观测应用

多相滤波器组(PFB)是均匀数字滤波器组的一种高效实现结构,用于信号的均匀子带分解和抽取,对应用多相滤波器组作为功率谱估计器的统计性能与计算量进行分析,与相关图与周期图方法进行比较,并通过仿真及FAST密云模型21cm中性氢谱线观测检验其应用效果。     

云南省降水与赤道西太平洋海温的关系分析

应用谱分析方法，讨论了云南省降水与赤道西太平洋海表温度的关系，结果表明，云南省降水与赤道西太平洋海温在３个月，５个月及１８．４月的振动周期上有很好的耦合关系，对于１８．４个月的周期性振荡，云南省降水落后赤道西太平洋海温３个月，且降水对海温的响应是由西向东传播。     

消光法反演腾格里沙漠地区沙尘气溶胶谱分布

对腾格里沙漠4～9月份的整层大气气溶胶的光学遥感观测结果进行了分析。结果表明,由于消光因子对大粒径粒子消光效应的不敏感性,决定了消光法仅可较好地反演粒径在0.1～5μm之间的气溶胶谱分布特征,特别是对0.1～1μm的大粒子谱分布的反演结果更为稳定;腾格里沙漠气溶胶粒度谱分布基本符合Junge谱;浮尘天气的谱分布同干洁晴好天气的谱分布有着很大的差异,浮尘天气下粒径在0.1～1.0μm的大粒子以及粒径>1.0μm的巨粒子数有明显的增加,浓度要比干洁天气下的大几个量级。在干洁晴好天气下,腾格里沙漠的气溶胶是均一的、稳定的,而且>1μm的大粒子浓度很小;气溶胶的谱分布几乎是一致的,谱形大致为Junge谱,在粒度0.4～1.0μm范围内有一明显峰值。     

西北地区东部冰雹云的卫星光谱特征和遥感监测模型

根据气象台站的冰雹观测记录,针对冰雹灾害多发的西北地区东部,选取2001—2004年间14次NOAA卫星过境的AVHRR资料,共88个样本数,对冰雹云和其他云的光谱特征进行对比分析。结果表明,雹云的热红外亮度温度的变化基本在245K以下,中红外波段反射率相对较低,基本变化在0.4及以下范围,可见光和近红外波段反射率>0.6。冰雹产生的两个重要条件是高的云光学厚度和大的云粒子有效半径共同发生的区域;西北地区冰雹发生的云顶高度基本在4.5～7km之间。根据雹云的光谱特征,确定雹暴指数及其模型阈值>0.35的冰雹监测方法,多普勒雷达回波和气象站观测结果说明,雹暴指数等多参数结合判别冰雹云效果显著。     

Long‐term variations and temporal scaling of hydroclimatic time series with focus on the German part of the Elbe River Basin

Long‐term variations and temporal scaling of mean monthly time series of river flow, precipitation, temperature, relative humidity, air pressure, duration of bright sunshine, degree of cloud cover, short wave radiation, wind speed and potential evaporation within or in vicinity of the German part of the Elbe River Basin are analyzed. Statistically significant correlations between the 2–15 year scale‐averaged wavelet spectra of the hydroclimatic variables and the North Atlantic Oscillation‐ and Arctic Oscillation index are found which suggests that such long‐term patterns in hydroclimatic time series are externally forced. The Hurst parameter estimates (H) based on the Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) indicate persistence for discharge, precipitation, wind speed, air pressure and the degree of cloud cover, all having an annual cycle and a broad low‐frequency distribution. Also, DFA H parameter estimates are higher for discharge than for precipitation. The major long‐term quasi‐periodic variability modes of precipitation detected using Singular Spectrum Analysis coincide with those detected in the discharge time series. Upon subtraction of these low‐frequency quasi‐periodic modes, the DFA H parameter estimates suggest absence of the persistence for both precipitation and discharge. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Laboratory study of deep-water breaking waves

In an attempt to elucidate the mechanics of deep-water wave breaking, a variety of breaking waves, including spilling and plunging waves, of different length scales and geometries was studied. The waves were generated through wave-wave interactions using wave packets with constant-steepness components, constant-amplitude components, and also components following the Pierson-Moskowitz distribution. Wave steepening prior to breaking were found to cause an increase in the high frequency spectral slope of the wave spectrum. The slopes were correlated to the type of breaking and the intensity of the breaking. The energy loss through breaking varied with the spectral characteristics of the wave packet. On the other hand, it was also noted that, irrespective of the wave packet, the losses were from the higher frequency end of the first harmonics.     

An improved input energy spectrum verified by the shake table tests

Input energy is the principal component of the energy balance equation. It is beneficial to determine, through its components, how the recoverable and irrecoverable energies are distributed within the structural elements. Several equations and attenuation relations to define mass-normalized input energy spectra exist in the literature. They are mainly proposed for elastic systems subjected to far-fault EQs. There is a lack of experimental verification of these proposed spectra. In this paper, experimental assessment was performed to the existing spectra, and further improvements were accomplished. For this purpose, steel cantilever columns were tested on the shake table for two specific historical EQs coincidently having similar spectral acceleration values. Based on the experimental results, a three-part mass-normalized relative input energy spectrum was formulated including soil type, EQ (corner period, intensity, duration, spectral acceleration, and velocity), and structural behavioral characteristics (period and structural damping). The proposed input energy spectrum was experimentally calibrated and numerically validated for various EQs featuring near- and far-field types. Analytical and experimental comparisons were made between the previously developed spectrum and the newly proposed one. The validation studies and the statistical evaluations exposed that the proposed spectrum yielded better agreement with the experimental and numerical results.