基于3S的荣成湾沿岸土地覆被变化及驱动力研究

运用3S技术对最近40年来荣成湾沿岸土地覆被动态变化及驱动力进行研究.结果表明,该区海岸湿地土地覆被总面积和陆域土地覆被总面积变化不大,但其各自类型结构和分布均发生了显著调整,而且二者变化在时间上不同步.从面积上讲,前者以1981年为界,渴湖和沙地先减少后波动增加,滩涂和沼泽地先增加后波动减少;养殖池从无到有并迅速增加...     

黄淮海地区植被覆盖变化驱动力与驱动机制研究

基于1982-2003年GIMMS NDVI遥感资料、气候资料和社会经济统计资料,利用主成分分析、逐步回归等方法,对黄淮海地区植被覆盖变化的驱动力和驱动机制进行了研究,从气候、社会经济两方面分析了区内6种植被类型区植被覆盖变化的驱动机制。结果发现,不同植被类型区,其驱动机制差别很大,但总体来说,区内各类植被类型区植被覆盖变化大都受到气候和人类活动的共同驱动,主要驱动力为气候因素,人类活动在局部区域能够产生较大作用,而大范围区域植被NDVI(归一化植被指数)的变化或改变,主要受气候变化的影响。在此基础上,分别建立了6种植被类型区年均NDVI变化驱动力模型。     

Modelling of flow around a near-bed pipeline with a spoiler

Flow around a pipeline with and without a spoiler near a smooth wall is simulated by solving the Navier–Stokes equations. Finite-difference formulation with a second-order upwind scheme in a curvilinear coordinate system is employed. The influences of the spoiler on hydrodynamic forces, pressure distribution, vortex shedding frequency, velocity profile under the pipe, as well as shear stress on the wall are investigated. The attachment of a spoiler significantly increases drag, root-mean-square (RMS) lift, flow through the gap between the pipe and the wall and shear stress on the seabed around the pipe. The spoiler also generates a non-zero mean downward force on the pipeline, which may enhance the self-burial of the pipeline.     

Low-frequency damping of a moored semisubmersible obtained from simulated extinction tests and mean wave drift forces

Low-frequency damping of a moored semisubmersible drilling platform was obtained from numerical extinction tests simulated in still water and in regular waves and from mean wave drift forces calculated at zero forward speed. The influence of drag forces was represented by the modified Morison equation. The platform as used for the 18th ITTC Comparative Mooring Study was analyzed in irregular beam waves. The computed time series of sway as well as the corresponding sway response spectrum compared favourably with model test measurements, demonstrating that this procedure to determine low-frequency damping can be effective.     

Drivers of phytoplankton,bacterioplankton, and zooplankton carbon biomass in tropical hydroelectric reservoirs

Studies of carbon sources in plankton communities are important because carbon content has become the main currency used in functional studies of aquatic ecosystems. We evaluated the contribution to the total organic carbon pool from different plankton communities (phytoplankton, bacterioplankton, and zooplankton – C-biota) and its drivers in eight tropical hydroelectric reservoirs with different trophic and hydrological status and different physical features. Our systems were separated into three groups based on trophic status and water residence time: (i) mesotrophic with low residence time (ML); (ii) mesotrophic with high residence time (MH); and (iii) eutrophic with low residence time (EL). Our hypothesis that reservoirs with low water residence times and low nutrient concentrations would show the lowest C-biota was supported. Phytoplankton carbon (C-phy) showed the highest concentrations in the EL, followed by MH and ML systems. The EL group also showed significantly higher zooplankton carbon (C-zoo). No significant difference was observed for bacteria carbon (C-bac) among the three system groups. In addition to trophic status and water residence time, regression analyses revealed that water temperature, light, pH, and dissolved organic carbon concentrations were the main drivers of plankton communities in these large tropical hydroelectric reservoirs.     

In situ stress field of eastern Australia

New in situ data based on hydraulic fracturing and overcoring have been compiled for eastern Australia, increasing from 23 to 110 the number of in situ stress analyses available for the area between and including the Bowen and Sydney Basins. The Bowen Basin displays a consistent north‐northeast maximum horizontal stress (σ_H) orientation over some 500 km. Stress orientations in the Sydney Basin are more variable than in the Bowen Basin, with areas of the Sydney Basin exhibiting north‐northeast, northeast, east‐west and bimodal σ_H orientations. Most new data indicate that the overburden stress (σ_V) is the minimum principal stress in both the Bowen and Sydney Basins. The Sydney Basin is relatively seismically active, whereas the Bowen Basin is relatively aseismic. Despite the fact that in situ stress measurements sample the stress field at shallower depth than the seismogenic zone, there is a correlation between the stress measurements and seismicity in the two areas. Mohr‐Coulomb analysis of the propensity for failure in the Sydney Basin suggests 41% of the new in situ stress data are indicative of failure, as opposed to 13% in the Bowen Basin. The multiple pre‐existing structural grains in the Sydney Basin further emphasise the difference between propensity for failure in the two areas. Previous modelling of intraplate stresses due to plate boundary forces has been less successful at predicting stress orientations in eastern than in western and central Australia. Nonetheless, stress orientation in the Bowen Basin is consistent with that predicted by modelling of stresses due to plate boundary forces. Variable stress orientations in the Sydney Basin suggest that more local sources of stress, such as those associated with the continental margin and with local structure, significantly influence stress orientation. The effect of local sources of stress may be relatively pronounced because stresses due to plate boundary forces result in low horizontal stress anisotropy in the Sydney Basin.     

中国西北半干旱区土地景观变化成因--以榆林市为例

1 Introduction Landscape change is a result of the complex interactions between physical, biological, political, economic and social driving forces (Moody and Woodcock 1995; Apan et al., 2002). Landscape in arid and semi-arid China is extremely vulnerabl…     

多年冻土区L型挡墙水平冻胀效应计算方法与分析

针对多年冻土区L型挡墙设计中水平冻胀力计算方法不完善的问题,基于利夫金地基模型及挡墙?土体之间的协同变形原理,分别建立了墙后有无换填土两种情况下的L型挡墙水平冻胀效应计算模型,利用叠加原理及有限差分法对所提出的计算模型进行了求解,并依托MATLAB自行编制了水?热?力耦合分析软件。结合工程实例,应用提出的L型挡墙水平冻胀效应计算方法得到的水平冻胀力值分别与现场实测值、修正土压力值、规范经验值及水?热?力耦合软件模拟值进行对比分析,结果表明：提出L型挡墙水平冻胀效应计算方法得到的水平冻胀力值与现场实测值及数值模拟值在大体趋势上吻合较好,修正土压力值、规范经验值低估了水平冻胀力对挡墙的作用;相比规范经验值及现场实测值,提出的L型挡墙水平冻胀效应计算方法得到的水平冻胀力沿墙高呈抛物线和梯形两种分布模式,更具有普遍性;通过多场耦合分析可知,所提出L型挡墙水平冻胀效应计算方法与水?热?力耦合方法得到冻胀力趋势相似,表明了计算方法的可行性,可为多年冻土区L型挡墙设计提供一定的理论支持和指导。     

干旱区典型绿洲耕地扩张及其人文驱动研究——以新疆且末绿洲为例

近年来,在全国耕地面积持续减少的背景下,西北干旱区耕地呈扩张趋势,现有研究关注其自然因素驱动力,对人文因素驱动力,特别是灌溉设施和方式、政策、经济利益和市场导向等因素关注较少。选取干旱区典型绿洲——且末绿洲,采用最大似然法和人机交互式分类相结合的方法从1972,1990,2001,2011年影像中提取耕地信息,结合统计学方法分析且末绿洲耕地变化的时空趋势、耕地复种指数的动态变化;在充分考虑人口因素的前提下,增加灌溉设施和方式、政策、经济利益和市场导向等因素,探讨了绿洲耕地扩张的人文驱动力。研究结果表明:1970年以来,且末绿洲耕地面积时增时减,总体呈增长趋势;耕地复种指数波动上升;人口增长、灌溉设施和方式、政策、经济利益和市场等因素在不同阶段以不同方式影响着该绿洲耕地面积的扩张。政策、经济利益和市场因素是近10年绿洲耕地迅速扩张的主要驱动因素。