Morphology and controlling factors of step-pools in rills based on field investigation in the Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley,China

Rill erosion is well developed in Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley. The appearance of step-pools in rills (SPRs) is an early stage of erosion and necessary condition for rill development. We measured length, width, depth of plunge pools, and length, height, and slope of step walls. We observed the developmental environment of every SPR in the field. Through research on relationships among SPR parameters, morphological characteristics, and control factors, we conclude that (1) correlations of step slope with pool length and width, and of step length with pool width are not evident (p > 0.1); correlations of pool length with step height and length are evident (p < 0.1); correlations of step slope with pool depth, and of step height with pool width are significant (p < 0.05); and correlations of pool depth with step length and height are highly significant (p < 0.01). Plunge-pool length is affected by soil properties and step height, but not by step gradient. (2) SPR formation shows a coupling effect of a single factor or many factors, such as terrain conditions, vegetation, confluence area, soil properties, and boundary conditions, and the shapes and scales of SPRs notably change with differences of the main control factors.     

热带太平洋5月份上层洋流的动力统计诊断

利用复EOF分析,将热带太平洋5月份的上层洋流看作一个整体,对其作了动力统计诊断,用以考察热带太平洋5月份上层流场的年际和年代际变化,并揭示其与长江流域梅雨异常的关系.结果表明,热带太平洋5月份上层偏差流的前三模态均为赤道所俘获;其第一、二模态具有明显的年际变化;第一模态与长江流域梅雨异常密切相关;第二模态与ENSO密切相关;第一模态其模的振幅有由小到大的年代际周期变化,且从1994年起模有越变越大的趋势,这表明这段时期长江流域梅雨降水量的异常有所增大.     

Plant species diversity along an altitudinal gradient of Bhabha Valley in western Himalaya

The present study highlights the rich species diversity of higher plants in the Bhabha Valley of western Himalaya in India. The analysis of species diversity revealed that a total of 313 species of higher plants inhabit the valley with a characteristic of moist alpine shrub vegetation. The herbaceous life forms dominate and increase with increasing altitude. The major representations are from the families Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Lamiaceae and Poaceae, suggesting thereby the alpine meadow nature of the study area. The effect of altitude on species diversity displays a hump-shaped curve which may be attributed to increase in habitat diversity at the median ranges and relatively less habitat diversity at higher altitudes. The anthropogenic pressure at lower altitudes results in low plant diversity towards the bottom of the valley with most of the species being exotic in nature. Though the plant diversity is less at higher altitudinal ranges, the uniqueness is relatively high with high species replacement rates. More than 90 % of variability in the species diversity could be explained using appropriate quantitative and statistical analysis along the altitudinal gradient. The valley harbours 18 threatened and 41 endemic species, most of which occur at higher altitudinal gradients due to habitat specificity.     

Spatial Variability of Mass Movements in the Satluj Valley,Himachal Pradesh during 1990～2006

Satluj Valley is known to have a history of landslides and related mass movement activities since the geological times.Geological and geomorphological settings combined with anthropogenic activities constitute a propensity towards slope failure.During the last two decades.the area witnessed substantial increase in athropogenic pressure,mainly due to the exploitation of hydropower potential,changing landuse pattern and population growth.In addition,a shift of the climatic Datterns in the form of larger area falling under the influence of rains was observed.These natural as well as anthropogenic changes in the area have resulted in increased spatial coverage of landslide in the area.This paper documents these changes during 1990～2006.     

Two-dimensional earthquake vibrations in sedimentary basins – SH waves

In this paper, long- and short-period vibrations in sedimentary basins are studied. First, two-dimensional, long-period vibrations of deep semi-circular basins for excitation by earthquake faults, which can be inside or outside the basin, are analyzed. Second, recurring intermediate peak frequencies of Fourier-spectrum amplitudes of recorded accelerations along the east–west axis of the San Fernando Valley during the 1994 Northridge, California earthquake are reviewed. It is shown that these intermediate frequencies cannot be associated with vibrations of the entire San Fernando basin because the frequency range of typical strong-motion recordings (0.04 to 15.0 s) is too narrow to include the long-period vibration of the whole basin. These intermediate vibrations are consistent with Kanai׳s one-dimensional models consisting of parallel layers and excited by vertically incident shear waves.     

环境同位素在识别伊犁河谷地下水补给来源中的指示作用

重点分析了研究区潜水、浅层承压水、泉水及地表水δD、δ¹⁸O的分布特征,并对5组水文钻探井地下水样品进行分析.潜水δD变化范围为-97.32‰~-67.51‰,平均值为-80.34‰;δ¹⁸O为-15.85‰~-10.66‰,平均值为-12.08‰.浅层承压水δD为-111.93‰~-68.38‰,平均值为-84.79‰;δ¹⁸O为-16.01‰~-10.52‰,平均值为-12.30‰.泉水δD为-102.06‰~-71.63‰,平均值为-84.10‰;δ¹⁸O为-14.21‰~-9.70‰,平均值为-12.24‰.地表水δD为-90.53‰~-60.99‰,平均值为-72.58‰;δ¹⁸O在-13.20‰~-9.54‰,平均值为-11.21‰.地下水δ¹³C为-9.4‰~-5.6‰,平均值为-8.3‰,极差为3.8‰.结果表明:地下水与地表水均起源于当地大气降水.潜水与浅层承压水水力联系较强,潜水与浅层承压水属于同一含水系统.与浅层承压水相比,深层承压水年龄较大,在20 ka左右,属于沉积埋藏水.深层承压水与浅层承压水的水力联系较弱.潜水与浅层承压水的δ¹³C值较为接近,且接近大气CO₂的δ¹³C值-7‰.研究区地下水中碳的主要来源为大气CO₂.     

青海化隆县独特的峡谷丹山地貌景观及其科学价值

“峡谷丹山”是内外地质营力共同作用而形成的多成因地貌组合,不仅具有非常高的景观价值,而且具有重要的科学价值。青海省化隆县拉木峡为黄河一级支流,发育典型的角度不整合和丹霞地貌,因而成为青藏高原隆升和黄河形成演化研究的良好区域。以该地貌组合类型的形态特征、成因机制及形成年代研究为目标,采用野外地质调查等方法,对组成峡谷的岩石及地层、构造背景开展研究,系统总结与分析拉木峡地貌景观的形成动力和演化过程,进而探讨其对青藏高原隆升及黄河演化的指示意义。拉木峡由约900 Ma前的新元古代化隆岩群片麻岩及角度不整合于其上的约54 Ma前的新生代古近纪西宁群红色砂砾岩层组成。约8 Ma前青藏高原快速隆升,丹霞地貌雏形开始形成。自1.1 Ma黄河贯通化隆盆地后,受拉木峡流水强烈侵蚀下切和重力崩塌的持续作用,发育“峡谷丹山”地貌组合景观。峡谷险峻幽深、丹霞栩栩如生,成为极具典型性、独特性和稀有性的国家级地质遗迹,对青藏高原隆升、黄河形成演化和新生代气候环境的研究具有重要价值。     

基于MODIS的大田县均溪谷地NPP与NDVI相关性的时空变化特征

本研究应用MODIS卫星遥感资料,分析2000—2010年大田县均溪谷地植被净初级生产NPP与NDVI相关性的时空变化特征,运用Arc GIS软件对大田县均溪河做不同距离的缓冲区分析,结合土地利用状况,研究年植被净初级生产力a NPP与年均归一化植被指数ANDVI的相关性,并建立线性回归分析模型进一步分析NPP随NDVI的变化情况。可以看出,ANDVI与a NPP的空间分布特征与距河流的距离远近有着密切关系,河流不同缓冲区ANDVI与a NPP的相关性系值为0.80~0.96。研究区域3年回归模型均通过α=0.01的显著性F值相关检测,表明利用NDVI可以有效地对NPP进行实时监测。     

舟曲三眼峪沟泥石流松散物质补给特征与稳定性探讨

基于对舟曲三眼峪沟流域固体松散物质的调查勘测,阐述该沟"8.8"特大泥石流形成过程中松散物质的补给特征,对沟内固体松散物质的稳定性及可转化数量进行分析评价。分析认为,三眼峪沟泥石流的形成具有以主沟冲蚀再搬运为主的显著特点,以崩塌及沟床松散物质补给为主。沟内极不稳定易转化为泥石流的固体松散物质540×104m3,不稳定的松散物质1 730×104m3,较不稳定的423×104m3,稳定而难以转化的松散物质1 450×104m3。泥石流的主要补给沟段集中于大眼峪沟的竹塔沟—罐子坪沟段、大峪口段,小眼峪沟的滴水崖—峪支沟沟段、小峪口段,控制了上述沟段固体松散物质,将有效控制该沟泥石流的形成。     

Late Acheulean hominins at the Marine Isotope Stage 6/5e transition in north-central India

Single-grain optically stimulated luminescence dating was applied to Late Quaternary sediments at two sites in the Middle Son Valley, Madhya Pradesh, India. Designated Bamburi 1 and Patpara, these sites contain Late Acheulean stone tool assemblages, which we associate with non-modern hominins. Age determinations of 140–120 ka place the formation of these sites at around the Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 6–5 transition, placing them among the youngest Acheulean sites in the world. We present here the geochronology and sedimentological setting of these sites, and consider potential implications of Late Pleistocene archaic habitation in north-central India for the initial dispersal of modern humans across South Asia.