20世纪上半叶西辽河流域巴林左旗聚落空间演变特征分析

从1918年放垦,巴林左旗经历了近百年的聚落兴建与农业开垦历程,以20世纪30年代初为转折点,此前聚落分布以空间扩展为主,以后转为密度增加,在聚落空间分布形式变化的同时,聚落高程也表现出从400～600m高程区这一自然条件具有优势的区域向其它高程扩展.在人口的推动下,巴林左旗聚落空间演变与环境选择经历了由疏至密、由优至劣的过程,并随着农业发展,农田扩展与资源的有限性构成了人地关系的矛盾焦点.     

Teleconnection between the Indian summer monsoon onset and the Meiyu over the Yangtze River Valley

Based on the Indian and Chinese precipitation data and the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis circulation data, the relationship between the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) onset and the Meiyu over the Yangtze River Valley has been discussed by the methods of correlation analysis and composite analysis. The results show that the date of ISM onset over Kerala in the southwestern coast of the Indian Peninsula is about two weeks earlier than the beginning of the Meiyu over the Yangtze River Valley. After the outbreak of ISM, the teleconnection mode sets up from the western coast of India via the Bay of Bengal (BOB) to the Yangtze River Valley and southern Japan. It is different both in time and space from the telecon- nection mode which is from the northwest of India via the Tibetan Plateau to northern China. The for- mer mode is defined as the "south" teleconnection of the Asian summer monsoon, forming in the pe- riod of ISM onset; while the latter mode is called the "north" teleconnection, mainly occurring in the Asian monsoon culminant period. During the process of the "south" teleconnection’s formation, the Asian monsoon circulation has experienced a series of important changes: ISM onset, the northward movement of the south Asia high (SAH), the onset vortex occurrence, the eastward extension of the stronger tropical westerly belt, and the northeastward jump of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH), etc. Consequently, since ISM sets up over Kerala, the whole Asian continent is covered by the upper SAH after about two weeks, while in the mid- and lower troposphere, a strong wind belt forms from the Arabian Sea via the southern India, BOB and the South China Sea (SCS), then along the western flank of WPSH, to the Yangtze River Valley and southern Japan. With the northward moving of the subtropical jet streams, the upper westerly jet stream and the low level jet have been coupled ver- tically over east Asia, while the Yangtze River Valley happens to locate in the ascending motion area between the upper jet stream and the low level jet, i.e. right of the entrance of the upper jet stream and left of the low level jet. Such a structure of the vertical circulation can trigger the Meiyu onset over the Yangtze River Valley.     

考虑河谷场地效应的大跨CFST拱桥地震响应分析

本文对某特大跨上承式铁路钢管混凝土拱桥建立“V”型河谷场地有限元动力计算模型,结合时空解耦的时域动力有限元方法,研究“V”型河谷场地效应对其地震响应的影响,并考虑地震入射角、行波速度及地震动峰值等因素对场地效应的影响。结果表明:海拔高且坡度均匀的地形使地震波在反射过程中能量增大,海拔较低且坡度下陡上缓的地形使地震波在反射过程中能量减少,“V”型河谷场地效应使大部分钢管混凝土拱圈截面内力测量值放大作用明显;“V”型河谷场地地形效应与地震波的入射角、行波速度及加速度峰值等因素均有关联,且CFST拱肋面外受弯抗震性能受行波速度的影响较大。因此,钢管混凝土拱桥抗震设计中应注意场地地形效应及行波速度的影响。     

青藏高原东部当子沟末次冰期冰川演化光释光测年

青藏高原东部横断山脉沙鲁里山北支雀儿山北麓的当子沟, 保留了4 组末次冰期冰碛垄, 每组冰碛垄由若干道小冰碛垄组成, 是末次冰期多次冰川波动的理想地貌证据。为恢复该地末次冰期冰川演化历史, 从这4 组冰碛垄中采集了7 个光释光测年样品进行年代测定。等效剂量采用单片再生法(SAR)和标准生长曲线法(SGC)进行测试。年代结果显示:第1~3 组冰碛垄形成于22.4-16.5 ka BP, 属深海氧同位素2 阶段(MIS-2), 大致与全球末次盛冰期(LGM)相当。第4 组冰碛垄形成于MIS-3。MIS-3 冰川规模大于MIS-2。第1~3 组9 道次一级小冰碛垄表明, 约在22.4-16.5 ka BP期间当子沟冰川经历了9 次小波动。冰川在稍早于22.4 ka BP达到MIS-2 的最大范围, 此后规模在波动中逐渐萎缩, 可能是冰川对MIS-2 后期太阳辐射增强、气温回升的响应。最里侧冰碛垄形成于16.5 kaBP, 可能标志着该地冰消期的开始。此后, 当子沟冰川大幅快速退缩。冰川融水在最里侧冰碛垄里侧低洼谷地汇集并被阻塞形成当子错。     

美国田纳西流域开发及其对我国流域经济发展的启示

本文在分析了美国田纳西河流域开发的历史背景和主要特点基础上 ,借鉴其成功经验 ,提出了我国流域经济发展的方向和途径。     

LASSO as a tool for downscaling summer rainfall over the Yangtze River Valley

Building statistical downscaling models often faces a large number of potential predictors from atmospheric circulation fields. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) has been used to downscale monthly rainfall in summer over the Yangtze River Valley. Based on the shrinkage of coefficients of the model, LASSO can provide sparse models with many coefficients being zero. Geopotential height at 500-hPa was used as the predictor set. The results show that LASSO can reproduce the spatial pattern of anomalies of rainfall in most years. Furthermore, LASSO can reproduce the shift of the rainfall over the Yangtze River Valley in the late 1970s. The performance of the elastic net was also tested, and its grouping effect should be noted. It was also found that LASSO performs better than principal component regression.     

4-6月江淮流域不同尺度温带气旋发展率及移动特征

基于改进的温带气旋客观识别方法,统计分析1986—2015年4—6月不同空间尺度江淮流域温带气旋的发展率及移动特征。结果表明:1)整体气旋发展率呈先上升、后下降趋势,较大空间尺度气旋发展率呈显著上升趋势,中间尺度气旋发展率无明显变化趋势。2)较大尺度气旋源地集中在湖北、湖南交界处,中间尺度气旋源地位于安徽等江淮流域东部,各尺度气旋源地位于整层大气非绝热加热项大值区域内。3)气旋初生阶段,江淮流域存在风速切变线,淮北地区风速小于淮南地区,江淮流域上空对流层低层位势高度为负距平,中高层则为正距平,属浅薄低压系统。4)不论何种尺度气旋,均存在东移和东北移动路径,但较大尺度气旋东北移动路径的比例较大。     

新疆伊犁河谷暖季不同历时短时强降水变化特征

利用新疆伊犁河谷高密度地面自动站逐小时降水观测资料,对2010-2022年暖季（5-9 月）短时强降水（flash heavy rain,FHR）逐1h、3h和6h时空分布特征进行分析,结果发现:伊犁河谷暖季不同历时短时强降水阈值空间分布具有一致性,1h、3h和6h极端降水阈值的平均值分别为 8.5mm?h-1 、12.6mm?（3h）-1和16.8mm?（6h）-1。不同历时FHR集中发生在5月中旬至8月中旬,其中6月最多,7月次之;不同历时FHR频次发生在中午13：00至下午18：00。不同历时FHR事件最大小时雨强的月分布与发生站次略有差异,除1h最大为62.6mm?h-1出现在7月外,其他雨强均出现在6月分别为89.9mm?（3h）-1、104.5mm?（6h）-1,较大值位于河谷东部和南部。伊犁河谷暖季不同历时FHR空间分布具有明显的不对称性特征,总体呈东高西低的分布格局,在南北方向上1h短时强降水呈北高南低,3h、6h短时强降水均无明显变化趋势。不同历时FHR降水贡献和发生频率的局地差异明显,存在多个大值中心,主要出现在新源县、昭苏县偏北地区、霍城县偏北地区、特克斯县偏西地区、尼勒克县偏西地区及伊宁县中部等地。FHR频次各站虽有显著差异,但未发生明显离散,地形对FHR的增幅作用显著。     

Dating alluvial fan surfaces in Owens Valley,California, using weathering fractures in boulders

A wide range of sedimentological and geomorphological field research depends on the availability of accurate and detailed depositional age models. Although exposure dating techniques such as cosmogenic nuclide and luminescence dating are now widely available, they remain expensive and time‐consuming, and this frequently limits the density of age constraints and the resolutions of age models for many study areas. We present a simple and effective, field‐based approach for extending and correlating existing age models to un‐dated surfaces. In Owens Valley, California, we make use of detailed beryllium‐10 (¹⁰Be) chronologies reported for four different alluvial fan systems, to precisely calibrate the rate at which weathering fractures are enlarged in granitic surface boulders. We show that these fractures have widened at a time‐integrated rate of 1.05 ± 0.03 mm ka^?1 for at least 140 ka at this location, and this relationship can be represented by a linear regression that makes them ideal chronometers for surface dating. Our analysis offers a new approach to refining the uncertainties of both surface erosion rate and cosmogenic age estimates at this location. Ultimately, we integrate our observations to devise a robust age calibration for clast fracture widths in Owens Valley, and we demonstrate its application by estimating the ages of 27 additional local fan surfaces. We present an updated and extended stratigraphy for eight Sierra Nevada fan systems in total, with exceptional age control. This novel approach to dating sedimentary surfaces is inexpensive and easily applied in the field, and has the potential to significantly increase the temporal and spatial density of age constraints available for a particular study area. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.