清代青藏高原东北部河湟谷地林草地覆盖变化

河湟谷地是青藏高原东北缘典型的农牧交错区,清代以来耕地的扩张导致林草地覆盖发生明显变化。本文在现代植被图的基础上,选取土壤、地形因素,并依据历史文献数据,重建河湟谷地潜在林地草地格局,在此基础上结合清代耕地变化的重建结果,推算出清代河湟谷地林草地覆盖的变化状况。结果显示：①清代耕地扩张之前,其林、草地分布与现今各类植被类型的空间分布格局基本一致,林地分布范围比现代略大,灌木林地在空间上连续性更强,草地分布区域更广;②估算出河湟谷地潜在林地、灌木林地、草地面积分别约为0.28×10⁴、0.93×10⁴、2.1618×10⁴ km²,由于耕地开垦,至清代末期,河湟谷地草地、灌木林地、林地面积分别累计减少5180.41、1330.35、441.31 km²,其中草地被垦殖占用的面积最大,程度最深,减少的区域主要集中在湟水谷地中游的乐都盆地、西宁盆地以及黄河谷地的尖扎盆地、化隆盆地等;③清代河湟谷地中人类垦殖原始覆盖类型的差异性不仅受自然环境的限制,同样受到社会政策因素的影响。     

长江中下游成矿带庐枞矿集区新发现钨多金属矿床

庐枞矿集区是长江中下游成矿带内重要的铁铜矿集区,产出一系列典型的玢岩型铁矿床和斑岩型铜矿床。最近在庐枞矿集区北部东顾山地区,首次发现了钨多金属矿床,这是在长江中下游成矿带长江以北首次发现的钨矿化,为矽卡岩型。钨矿化主要呈浸染状或脉状产于东顾山岩体(黑云母花岗岩)与奥陶系(白云质灰岩)的接触带或大理岩层间破碎带中。矿石矿物主要为白钨矿及钼、铜、铅锌硫化物。钨矿化主要发育在华南地区,近年来在长江中下游成矿带的过渡带及以南的扬子地块如江南隆起等地发现多个新的大型钨矿床,但在长江以北地区一直未曾发现。庐枞矿集区北部东顾山钨矿床的发现,指明长江中下游成矿带燕山期除铁、铜大规模成矿作用以外,也有钨的成矿作用,指示该区具有良好的钨矿找矿前景。在长江中下游成矿带的其他矿集区要重视和加强钨矿化的成矿作用研究和找矿工作。     

Surficial patterns of debris flow deposition on alluvial fans in Death Valley, CA using airborne laser swath mapping data

Debris flows are a common event in mountainous environments. They often possess the greatest potential for destruction of property and loss of lives in these regions. Delimiting the spatial extent of potential damage from debris flows relies on detailed studies of the location of depositional zones. Current research indicates debris flow fans have two distinct depositional zones. However, the two zones were derived from studies containing detailed analyses of only a few fans. High resolution airborne laser swath mapping (ALSM) data is used to calculate profile curvature and surface gradient on 19 debris flow fans on the eastern side of Death Valley. The relationship between these parameters is assessed to 1) identify if debris flow fans are accurately represented by two depositional zones, and 2) to assess how these terrain parameters relate to one another at the individual fan scale. The results show at least three zones of deposition exist within the sampled fans. These zones do not hold consistent when individual fan morphometry is analyzed in conjunction with localized fan surface gradients. Fans with consistently shallower gradients exhibit numerous depositional zones with more subtle changes in profile curvature. Steeper gradient fans exhibit significantly fewer zones with more pronounced local changes in profile curvature. The surface complexity of debris flow fans is evident from these analyses and must be accounted for in any type of hazard studies related to these features.     

Desert pavement dynamics: numerical modeling and field‐based calibration

Desert pavements are widely used as a relative surface‐dating tool because they are progressively better developed on surfaces ranging from thousands to hundreds of thousands of years in age. Recent work, however, has highlighted the dynamic nature of pavements and undermined their use as surface‐age indicators. Quade (2001) proposed that latest Pleistocene vegetation advances destroyed all Mojave Desert pavements above 400 m elevation, making all such pavements Holocene in age. In an effort to reconcile young‐pavement evidence with their widespread use as Pleistocene surface‐age indicators, we developed a numerical model based on the classic conceptual model in which pavements co‐evolve with their underlying eolian epipedons over millennial timescales. In this co‐evolutionary process, fine‐grained eolian deposition and A_v‐horizon development within the eolian epipedon promotes surface clast motion and pavement development, enhancing the eolian‐sediment‐trapping ability of the pavement in a positive feedback. Model results illustrate the multi‐scale nature of pavement dynamics: pavements may require tens of thousands of years to fully develop from a newly abandoned alluvial surface, but may heal over timescales of decades to centuries if a mature eolian epipedon is present. As such, there is no inconsistency between rapid pavement healing and a Pleistocene age for the underlying alluvial surface. To calibrate the model, we conducted surficial geologic mapping and pavement‐sedimentological analysis on two desert piedmonts. Our study areas include both proximal and distal fan environments, illustrating the role of parent‐material texture in controlling the mode of pavement formation. Using available geochronology, our work provides a rigorous calibration of pavement formation rates in our study areas and provides evidence supporting the use of pavements as local relative surface‐age indicators over Holocene to late Pleistocene timescales. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The oasis expansion and eco-environment change over the last 50 years in Manas River Valley, Xinjiang

As an elite region of human being’s residence and development, the oasis in arid areas fosters more than 90% of population, produces more than 95% of the industrial and agricultural value, although its acreage takes only 3%―5% of total arid areas[1,2]. In the last decades, the oasis exploitation, harnessing and pro-tecting regional eco-environment have been becomingone of key study objects in the sustainable develop-ment[3―7], as the global environment changes and re-gional environment becom…     

Vulnerability mapping of shallow groundwater aquifer using SINTACS model in the Jordan Valley area, Jordan

Jordan Valley is one of the important areas in Jordan that involves dense agricultural activities, which depend on groundwater resources. The groundwater is exploited from an unconfined shallow aquifer which is mainly composed of alluvial deposits. In the vicinity of the Kafrein and South Shunah, the shallow aquifer shows signs of contamination from a wide variety of non-point sources. In this study, a vulnerability map was created as a tool to determine areas where groundwater is most vulnerable to contamination. One of the most widely used groundwater vulnerability mapping methods is SINTACS, which is a point count system model for the assessment of groundwater pollution hazards. SINTACS model is an adaptation for Mediterranean conditions of the well-known DRASTIC model. The model takes into account several environmental factors: these include topography, hydrology, geology, hydrogeology, and pedology. Spatial knowledge of all these factors and their mutual relationships is needed in order to properly model aquifer vulnerability using this model. Geographic information system was used to express each of SINTACS parameters as a spatial thematic layer with a specific weight and score. The final SINTACS thematic layer (intrinsic vulnerability index) was produced by taking the summation of each score parameter multiplied by its specific weight. The resultant SINTACS vulnerability map of the study area indicates that the highest potential sites for contamination are along the area between Er Ramah and Kafrein area. To the north of the study area there is a small, circular area which shows fairly high potential. Elsewhere, very low to low SINTACS index values are observed, indicating areas of low vulnerability potential.     

碰撞造山过程中流体向前陆盆地大规模迁移汇聚：来自长江中下游三叠纪膏盐建造和区域蚀变的证据

文章通过对长江中下游的地质调查，提出了大规模流体迁移汇聚的3个地质证据：①穿切寒武系一三叠系的大面积白云石化和硅化蚀变域，整体上发育在沿江成矿带与大别造山带的夹持地带，蚀变域内强弱相间的蚀变带呈NW向展布，受垂直于大别造山带的断裂系统控制，可能记录了长距离迁移的流体活动轨迹；②沿江局限盆地内大量发育的中下三叠统巨厚的膏盐建造。其结构构造特征揭示了区域热卤水在局限盆地内的排泄汇聚与化学沉积对其形成有重要的贡献；③早中三叠世同生沉积的铁碳酸盐建造和块状硫化物铁铜铅锌矿床，与膏盐建造或呈互层，或者分离，但均具有相同的产出层位和密切的伴生关系，是高盐度热卤水同生沉积的产物。根据调查结果，结合前人资料，提出了大别碰撞造山过程中流体迁移汇聚与成矿的概念性模式。     

冰川保护与旅游开发的抵触性分析--以蒂罗尔州皮茨山谷为例

本文基于一个实例研究。该研究聚焦于奥地利的皮茨山谷，其从冰川保护防线之危机、冰川灾难，以及经济利益驱使下的不可避免的旅游开发三个方面阐述了冰川保护与旅游开发的相互矛盾。本文力图从法律上和民意调查的资料上为冰川保护，抑或旅游开发寻求依据。面对区域开发这个不得不面对的现实问题，本文同时考虑到了环境保护与经济发展的双重方面。本文重在介绍西方学者的研究思路，以及法律和民意在西方决策层次上的重要意义，希望能飨同行，并与之切磋。     

Late quaternary alluvial history of Nowlands Creek,Hunter Valley,NSW

The valley‐fill sequence of Nowlands Creek, a 5.5 km² basin in the Central Lowlands of the Hunter Valley, is characterised by three inset river terraces whose sediments contain either Aboriginal or European artefacts. The highest and oldest terrace is characterised by a well‐developed yellow duplex soil with Aboriginal artefacts in the A horizon. Deposition of the bulk of the terrace sediments occurred before 11 400 yrs BP when Nowlands Creek was a low‐sinuosity, high‐energy, gravel‐bed stream. Texture contrast of the terrace soil is due partly to the superpositioning of Holocene sandy colluvium over Pleistocene fluviatile clay. The middle terrace is characterised by a deep minimal prairie soil containing Aboriginal artefacts. Deposition of the middle‐terrace sediments occurred mainly after 11 400 yrs BP when Nowlands Creek was a small‐capacity, mud‐bed channel with chains of ponds and well‐vegetated banks. The lowest terrace occupies a discontinuous trench incised into the middle terrace and was abandoned by incision between 1902 and 1938 due to open‐cut coal mining. All Aboriginal artefacts found so far are confined to Holocene sediments.