新疆天山西部巩乃斯河谷积雪与森林/草地 覆盖条件下季节冻土特征分析

不同的覆盖条件下,季节冻土的特征会存在差异。为了分析积雪与森林/草地覆盖条件下季节冻土的特征,在新疆天山西部巩乃斯河上游的中国科学院天山积雪雪崩研究站的实验场地监测了森林-积雪,草地-积雪,以及草地覆盖条件下季节冻土的冻结深度,并对有无积雪覆盖条件下季节冻土发育过程中的土壤温度和土壤含水量进行了跟踪测量。结果表明：森林-积雪覆盖条件下季节冻土的冻结深度最浅,草地-积雪覆盖条件下次之,草地覆盖条件下最深。积雪的存在可以改变季节冻土的冻结深度,还会影响土壤温度和土壤含水量变化。在季节冻土的发育阶段,积雪的隔热作用使得有积雪覆盖条件下土壤温度和土壤含水量较高;在积雪消融阶段,由于积雪融水的补给,土壤含水量也相应地增加,积雪消失后由于蒸发的存在导致土壤含水量减少。     

Late Quaternary activity of the Feldbiss Fault Zone, Roer Valley Rift System, the Netherlands, based on displaced fluvial terrace fragments

The Meuse River crosses the Feldbiss Fault Zone, one of the main border fault zones of the Roer Valley Graben in the southern part of the Netherlands. Uplift of the area south of the Feldbiss Fault Zone forced the Meuse River to incise and, as a result, a flight of terraces was formed. Faults of the Feldbiss Fault Zone have displaced the Middle and Late Pleistocene terrace deposits. In this study, an extensive geomorphological survey was carried out to locate the faults of the Feldbiss Fault Zone and to determine the displacement history of terrace deposits.The Feldbiss Fault Zone is characterized by an average displacement rate of 0.041–0.047 mm a⁻¹ during the Late Pleistocene. Individual faults show an average displacement rate ranging between 0.010 and 0.034 mm a⁻¹. The spatial variation in displacement rates along the individual faults reveals a system of overstepping faults. These normal faults developed by reactivation of Paleozoic strike-slip faults.As fault displacements at the bases of the younger terrace deposits are apparently similar to the tops of the adjacent older terrace, the age of these horizons is the same within thousands of years. This implies that the model of terrace development by rapid fluvial incision followed by slow aggradation does apply for this area.     

Paleoearthquake Features as Indicators of Potential Earthquake Activities in the Karameh Dam Site

Prehistorical earthquake induced features, such as faults, folds, fissures, and slumps have been discovered during the Karameh dam construction. The dam is located close to the plate tectonics boundary formed by the active Jordan Valley Fault. Of most importance are those known as the fold-type deformations ``décollement type of structure' which are well preserved in the laminated Lisan formations. These features show that historical moderate to strongly sized earthquake activities are likely to have been originated in the vicinity of the dam site. Such features may well provide valuable information for identification of areas of highly strong earthquake regions.     

Gushan magnetite–apatite deposit in the Ningwu basin, Lower Yangtze River Valley, SE China: Hydrothermal or Kiruna-type?

The Gushan deposit is one of the typical magnetite–apatite deposits associated with dioritic porphyries in the Lower Yangtze River Valley belt of the eastern Yangtze craton. The origin of this deposit is still uncertain and remains a controversial issue. Divergent opinions are centered on whether the iron deposits are magmatic or hydrothermal in origin. However, our field observations and mineralogical studies, combined with previous published petrological and geochemical features strongly suggest that the main ore bodies in the Gushan magnetite–apatite deposit are magmatic. Specific evidence includes the existence of gas bubbles, tubes, and miarolitic and amygdaloidal structures, melt flow banding structure and the presence of “ore breccia”. New electron microprobe analyses of the pyroxene phenocrysts of the dioritic porphyry genetically associated with the Gushan magnetite–apatite deposit show that the Fe contents in the evolving magma dramatically decrease, and then gradually increase. Because there is no evidence of mafic magma recharge, this scenario (decreasing Fe) could be plausibly interpreted by Fe-rich melts separated from Fe-poor silicate melts, i.e., liquid immiscibility was triggered by minor addition of phosphorus by crustal contamination. The occurrence of massive iron ore bodies can be satisfactorily explained by the immiscible Fe-rich melt with enormous volatile contents was driven to the top of the magma chamber due to the low density. The hot and volatile-rich iron ore magma was injected along fractures and spaces between the dioritic intrusions and wall-rocks, and led to an explosion near the surface, resulting in the immediate fragmentation of the roof of the intrusion and wall-rocks, forming brecciated ores. Moreover, other types of ores can be considered as a result of post-magmatic hydrothermal activities. Our proposed metallogenic model involving the Kiruna-type mineralization is consistent with the observed phenomenon in the Gushan deposit.     

The impact of faults on the geomorphology of the Earth’s crust: case study of faults impacts on the geomorphology of Lar Valley,Northeast of Tehran (Iran)

The geomorphology of the Lar Valley in the Northeast of Tehran, the Capital of Iran, is under the geological influence of the Central Alborz, in which the different geological formations are folded and thrust, time and again over each other by faults, creating the heights. The Damavand volcano is located to the east of Lar Valley, appearing in the heights of Alborz at the point of deviation in the structural strike of Alborz chain and along the faults during the quaternary period. The physiographic, landslide phenomenon, rock fall, valleys, water courses and alluvial fans in the Lar Valley were reviewed and studied according to aerial photographs, satellite images and field observations from the aspect of their susceptibility to the impact of faults. The results indicate that 80% of the peaks and high mountains in Lar Valley are created and influenced by the action of overthrust faults. Ninety percent of the land and rock sinking are located in the intermediate regions between the faults, and they are believed to be the results of fault impacts. Seven out of the nine cases of landslide in Lar are located on or in the margin of the faults depicting the latter’s influence. The floor ratios of eight valleys were calculated and it was determined that in addition to the impacts of faults on creating the valleys, the situation of most of these along the margins of the faults as well as seven valleys are influenced by faults. The slope of rivulets and auxiliary rivers and their angles in relation to each other and the main river were calculated. The results showed that seven rivulets were under the influence of faults. Fifty-nine percent of the alluvial fans in Lar Valley were greatly influenced by faults, whereas 49% were under their normal impact. The supposition in this study is that the results can be used to identify faults and their characteristics.     

海螺沟地质公园地质遗迹景观资源特征及游览线路规划

海螺沟地质公园地质遗迹景观资源十分丰富，分布广泛，类型多样，以世界同纬度最低海拔现代冰川和温泉景观为代表，具有极高的科学考察价值。根据景点的空间分布特征规划了3个景区、66处景点和4条大众旅游线路、7条专项旅游路线。     

长江中下游成矿带磁异常揭示的深部构造与成矿关系

长江中下游成矿带是我国最主要的铁铜金多金属成矿带之一。本文通过高精度航磁异常数据分析成矿带内磁异常的分布特征,研究表明,火山岩盆地和郯庐断裂带沿线的正磁异常呈团块状分布,而大别造山带和九华山的正磁异常呈宽缓分布,前者与成矿带内以铁矿化为主的多金属矿床密切相关。航磁异常边界识别结果清晰揭示了郯庐断裂带、晓天-磨子潭断裂和襄樊-广济断裂等区内重要的深大断裂,九江附近的边界可能是郯庐断裂带的南延。长江中下游及邻域的居里等温面深度变化范围约为23.5~31.5km,沉积盆地下方居里等温面总体呈现拗陷,火山岩盆地下方居里等温面总体呈现隆起,郯庐断裂带沿线的居里等温面呈带状分布的隆起。大别造山带和九华山下方居里等温面呈现拗陷,有别于火山岩盆地和郯庐断裂带沿线的居里等温面隆起。长江中下游成矿带内主要的铁铜多金属矿床点集中分布在居里等温面隆起或隆起边缘部位,指示了长江中下游早白垩世剧烈的岩浆活动使区域大地热流值相对较高,地壳深部的构造格局和岩浆活动制约了浅部的成矿。     

四川九寨沟地质遗迹保护探讨

世界自然遗产九寨沟地质遗迹资源景观丰富。以湖泊、瀑布、钙华津流、钙华彩池等为代表的地质遗迹景观具有极高的科研、观赏价值。应从加强地质遗迹本底调查,加强系统科研,特别是水循环的研究,加强对地质灾害的监测和预防治理等以进一步做好保护工作。     

宁镇地区安基山岩体锆石LA ICPMS U Pb 定年及意义

宁镇地区安基山岩体最早被厘定为高Sr低Y型岩石(Adakite),为深入理解安基山岩体的成因与深部地质作用演化过程,本文利用LA ICPMS锆石U Pb定年方法对安基山岩体的花岗闪长斑岩进行了年代学研究,获得其206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为 1088±12 Ma,表明岩浆侵位时代为早白垩世。另外,结合本地区高精度年代学数据,构筑了长江中下游地区中生代岩浆岩的精细年代学格架,划分为四个阶段：148~133 Ma（第一阶段）、131~127 Ma（第二阶段）、126~123 Ma（第三阶段）以及109~102 Ma（第四阶段）。     

Emplacement age and isotope geochemistry of Sung Valley alkaline–carbonatite complex, Shillong Plateau, northeastern India: implications for primary carbonate melt and genesis of the associated silicate rocks

The early Cretaceous (Albian–Aptian) Sung Valley ultramafic–alkaline–carbonatite complex is one of several alkaline intrusions that occur in the Shillong Plateau, India. This complex comprises calcite carbonatite and closely associated ultramafic (serpentinized peridotite, pyroxenite and melilitolite) and alkaline rocks (ijolite and nepheline syenite). Field relationship and geochemical characteristics of these rocks do not support a genetic link between carbonatite and associated silicate rocks. There is geochemical evidence that pyroxenite, melilitolite and ijolite of the complex are genetically related. Stable (C and O) and radiogenic (Nd and Sr) isotope data clearly indicate a mantle origin for the carbonatite samples. The carbonatite Nd (+0.7 to +1.8) and Sr (+4.7 to +7.0) compositions overlap the field for Kerguelen ocean island basalts. One sample of ijolite has Nd and Sr isotopic compositions that also plot within the field for Kerguelen ocean island basalts, whereas the other silicate–carbonatite samples indicate involvement with an enriched component. These geochemical and isotopic data indicate that the rocks of the Sung Valley complex were derived from and interacted with an isotopically heterogeneous subcontinental mantle and is consistent with interaction of a mantle plume (e.g. Kerguelen plume) with lithosphere. A U–Pb perovskite age of 115.1±5.1 Ma obtained for a sample of Sung Valley ijolite also supports a temporal link to the Kerguelen plume. The observed geochemical characteristics of the carbonatite rocks indicate derivation by low-degree partial melting (0.1%) of carbonated mantle peridotite. This melt, containing a substantial amount of alkali elements, interacted with peridotite to form metasomatic clinopyroxene and olivine. This process could progressively metasomatize lherzolite to form alkaline wehrlite.