Network-scape metric analysis: a new approach for the pattern analysis of urban road networks

The spatial patterns of road networks reflect the morphological and structural characteristics of cities. Previous studies have focused mainly on seeking universal laws in road networks rather than explaining their differences. A new approach for road network pattern analysis is proposed that has been inspired by landscape metric analysis. The utility of this approach is illustrated through (but is not limited to) the extraction of the main factors in network landscapes, or network-scapes for short. Twenty-four metrics were calculated for network-scapes of 100 cities worldwide, before an exploratory analysis is performed to detect the main factors. Four main factors were revealed and may be regarded as the characteristic indicators of road networks, which were identified to be evenness, richness-density, shape irregularity, and size and shape variation. The meanings of these factors are explained, and their spatial distributions are illustrated. Compared to existing road network analytics, these factors depict better the characteristic differences of road networks. The proposed approach provides a new framework for road network pattern analysis from a cellular perspective.     

Getting Charlie off the MTA: a multiobjective optimization method to account for cost constraints in public transit accessibility metrics

Most analyses of accessibility by public transit have focused on travel time and not considered the cost of transit fares. It is difficult to include fares in shortest-path algorithms because fares are often path-dependent. When fare policies allow discounted transfers, for example, the fare for a given journey segment depends on characteristics of previous journey segments. Existing methods to characterize tradeoffs between travel time and monetary cost objectives do not scale well to complex networks, or they rely on approximations. Additionally, they often require assumed values of time, which may be problematic for evaluating the equity of service provision. We propose a new method that allows us to find Pareto sets of paths, jointly minimizing fare and travel time. Using a case study in greater Boston, Massachusetts, USA, we test the algorithm’s performance as part of an interactive web application for computing accessibility metrics. Potential extensions for journey planning and route choice models are also discussed.     

多星中天时角法精密测定天文方位角

在高精度天文方位角测定方法中,北极星任意时角法只适用于北半球中纬度地区,子午星对法则受限于选星配对条件.提出可适用于全球地区的多星中天时角法,观测多颗任意中天位置的南星和北星,通过线性回归模型修正测站经度误差和计时误差对方位角解算的影响.该方法只需已知测站的概略位置,对观测天体的中天位置没有限制.实测数据表明,与北极星任意时角法相比,在相同精度指标要求下,观测量可以减少一半.     

中国高铁-民航竞争网络的空间演化模式及影响因素

随着中国高速铁路与民用航空的快速发展,两者运营网络的空间竞争范围越来越大。从个人出行视角出发,同时拥有高铁与民航直达列车/航班的城市对为出行提供了选择机会,定义为高铁-民航竞争网络。以2007-2015年高铁-民航竞争网络的所有城市对为切入点,尝试刻画其演化过程与模式、网络结构与距离分布规律,并最终总结网络演化的影响因素。研究结论为：① 中国高铁-民航竞争网络在空间上呈现出由东向西、由北向南的扩张趋势,规模不断扩大。② 高铁-民航竞争网络具有向北京、上海等少数城市集聚的特征。③ 高铁-民航竞争网络城市对的距离范围主要分布在800~1 500 km,但运营的列车/航班频率竞争关系的临界值为1 000~1 100 km。④ 高铁-民航竞争网络在空间上遵循核心-核心、核心-边缘自上至下的拓展规律,并主要受城市规模、行政职能等级以及地理空间约束等因素的影响。     

哈长城市群城市韧性的时空格局演变及动态模拟研究

哈长城市群作为引领东北地区高质量发展的重要增长极,其城市韧性的提升对提高东北地区高质量发展的强韧性及可持续性具有重要意义。以2010—2018年哈长城市群11个地级市为例,基于“生态?经济?社会?工程”的评估框架构建城市韧性评价体系。采用熵权?TOPSIS评价模型对哈长城市群城市韧性进行综合测度,并运用ArcGIS空间分析工具、BP神经网络模型等方法探讨其时空格局演变规律及动态模拟。结果表明：① 哈长城市群城市韧性整体水平较低;较高、高度韧性主要分布在核心地区,呈“点状零散”分布,低度、较低韧性主要分布在外围地区,呈“边缘广泛分布”的空间格局。② 从其演化趋势类型特征看,2010—2018年,呈发散趋势的城市多于呈收敛趋势的城市,表明城市韧性在演化过程中空间差异呈逐渐增大趋势。③ 经济恢复力、工资收入、金融资本、公共资源保障、教育水平、交通设施水平等是影响哈长城市群城市韧性的主要因素。④ 在动态模拟方面,2020—2030年,城市韧性发展较缓慢,韧性等级逐渐降低,且以一级韧性和二级韧性为主,韧性等级较高的城市所占比重较少。在未来发展趋势上,城市韧性时空差异明显,东西方向上呈现“东高西低”态势,在南北方向上呈“倒U型”式分布,表明哈长城市群内部核心城市韧性高点突出,多数外围城市韧性偏低。     

中国航空枢纽城市的国际连通性研究

国际连通是航空枢纽城市内通外联的基本功能体现,利用构建的航空枢纽连通模型测算了我国所有国际通航城市2012年和2017年的国际连通性指数和国际中转指数,并与城市的枢纽定位比较分析。五年间我国航空枢纽城市的国际连通能力快速提升,以北京、上海、广州为代表的三大国际枢纽城市仍主导我国航空运输市场的国际中转连通,但国际连通性指数所占份额在下降,次国际枢纽城市和部分区域枢纽国际连通功能快速提升。洲际长航线对各类枢纽城市国际连通能力的提升更具有网络扩张作用,中短途国际航线对次国际枢纽及区域枢纽的国际连通具有重要意义,基地航空公司对城市的国际枢纽建设有着举足轻重的影响。我国国际枢纽的空间分布从单一的“三点集聚”开始向“多点分化”演化,国际枢纽城市的空间演化契合了我国地区经济开放发展与国际航空运输需求的多样化发展趋势。国际航线网络布局、机场设施发展是建设高质量国际中转枢纽的基础保障,部分新晋枢纽城市缺少有效国际连通与之匹配,“之路”与开放门户等枢纽发展战略仍任重而路远。     

Normalised difference spectral indices and urban land cover as indicators of land surface temperature (LST)

Land cover changes associated with urbanisation modify microclimate, leading to urban heat islands, whereby cities are warmer than the surrounding countryside. Understanding the factors causing this phenomenon could help urban areas adapt to climate change and improve living conditions of inhabitants. In this study, land surface temperatures (LST) of Aarhus, a city in the high latitudes, are estimated from the reflectance of a thermal band (TIRS1; Band 10; 10.60–11.19 μm) of Landsat 8 on five dates in the summer months (one in 2015, and four in 2018). Spectral indices, modelled on the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI), using all combinations of the first seven bands of Landsat 8 are calculated and their relationships with LST, analysed. Land cover characteristics, in terms of the percentages of tree cover, building cover and overall vegetation cover are estimated from airborne LiDAR data, building footprints and 4-band aerial imagery, respectively. The correlations between LST, the spectral indices and land cover are estimated.The difference in mean temperature between the rural and urban parts of Aarhus is up to 3.96 °C, while the difference between the warmer and colder zones (based on the mean and SD of LST) is up to 13.26 °C. The spectral index using the near infrared band (NIR; Band 5; 0.85-0.88 μm) and a short-wave infrared band (SWIR2; Band 7; 2.11–2.29 μm) has the strongest correlations (r: 0.62 to 0.89) with LST for the whole study area. This index is the inverse of normalised burn ratio (NBR), which has been used for mapping burnt areas. Spectral indices using different combinations of the infrared bands have stronger correlations with LST than the more widely used vegetation indices such as NDVI. The percentage of tree cover has a higher negative correlation (Pearson’s r: -0.68 to -0.75) with LST than overall vegetation cover (r: -0.45 to -0.63). Tree cover and building cover (r: 0.53 to 0.71) together explain up to 68 % of the variation in LST. Modification of tree and building cover may therefore have the potential to regulate urban LST.     

城市轨道交通保护区综合安全管理研究与应用

随着城市轨道交通建设规模不断扩大,运营里程逐年累积,轨道交通沿线的工程建设项目存在数量多、工艺复杂、对在建/运营线路安全影响大等问题。本文分析了保护区内影响轨道交通安全的主要因素,针对轨道交通保护区安全管理现状提出综合解决方案,并设计研发出一套针对轨道交通运营安全管理的综合平台,在规范保护区内施工项目管理的基础上,运用物联网、三维激光扫描等先进手段,实现数据的快速采集、处理、分析及预警,保障城市轨道交通的安全运营。     

高速城市轨道交通工程大兴机场线测量关键技术

北京大兴机场线是北京首条建设运营的高速城市轨道交通线路,本文介绍了工程建设中的关键测量技术,通过研究新技术与常规测量手段的结合,总结了一套适用于高速城市轨道交通工程的测量技术,可供类似项目参考或借鉴应用。     

A graph-based approach for the structural analysis of road and building layouts

A better understanding of the relationship between the structure and functions of urban and suburban spaces is one of the avenues of research still open for geographical information science. The research presented in this paper develops several graph-based metrics whose objective is to characterize some local and global structural properties that reflect the way the overall building layout can be cross-related to the one of the road layout. Such structural properties are modeled as an aggregation of parcels, buildings, and road networks. We introduce several computational measures (Ratio Minimum Distance, Minimum Ratio Minimum Distance, and Metric Compactness) that respectively evaluate the capability for a given road to be connected with the whole road network. These measures reveal emerging sub-network structures and point out differences between less-connective and more-connective parts of the network. Based on these local and global properties derived from the topological and graph-based representation, and on building density metrics, this paper proposes an analysis of road and building layouts at different levels of granularity. The metrics developed are applied to a case study in which the derived properties reveal coherent as well as incoherent neighborhoods that illustrate the potential of the approach and the way buildings and roads can be relatively connected in a given urban environment. Overall, and by integrating the parcels and buildings layouts, this approach complements other previous and related works that mainly retain the configurational structure of the urban network as well as morphological studies whose focus is generally limited to the analysis of the building layout.