考虑孔隙水微观赋存形态的非饱和粉土有效应力方程及其验证

有效应力参数的合理确定是非饱和土有效应力研究的重要内容。然而,现有的有效应力参数未能较好地考虑孔隙水的微观赋存形态对有效应力的影响。为此,分析了孔隙水的微观赋存形态,明确了孔隙水可分为收缩膜、吸附水和毛细水,建立了非饱和粉土的扩展三相孔隙介质模型,即孔隙气、毛细水和广义土骨架。基于该模型,采用分相平衡分析法,推导了非饱和粉土的有效应力方程,该方程通过采用毛细水有效饱和度合理地考虑了毛细水对有效应力的影响。依据推导的有效应力方程,提出了非饱和粉土的抗剪强度公式。采用5种不同围压下重塑非饱和粉质黏土试验数据验证了提出的公式。结果表明：与现有的抗剪强度公式相比,本次提出的公式更好地预测了重塑非饱和粉质黏土的抗剪强度随基质吸力的变化规律。因此,运用提出的抗剪强度公式评价非饱和土边坡稳定性、地基承载力和挡土墙稳定性将会取得更好的效果。     

贵州三都排正金矿床成矿元素赋存规律及成矿潜力评价

贵州三都—丹寨Hg-Au-Sb成矿带大地构造位于扬子克拉通黔南台陷与华南褶皱带西缘交界处,成矿带内断裂构造极其复杂,矿体延伸、展布明显受构造控制.排正金矿床位于该成矿带中南段,对其成矿有利靶区进行成矿元素地球化学样品分析,探讨成矿元素相关性和赋存状态,反演成矿机制.分析结果显示:①矿石中Au元素与As、Pb+Zn、Hg...     

中国铝土岩系中伴生钪资源富集规律及富集机制初探

钪(Sc)作为新世纪的重要资源,广泛分布于自然界中,但其分布极为稀散,钪的独立矿物稀少,独立矿床几乎没有。铝土岩系中的钪资源储量巨大,本文统计了中国各铝土矿成矿带Sc数据,在对比山西(断隆)成铝区、华北陆块南缘成铝区、渝南—黔北成铝带、黔中成铝区和滇东南—桂西成铝区的数据基础上,发现滇东南—桂西成铝区的Sc含量最高,含钪铝土岩系形成时代主要为石炭纪和二叠纪。通过对比分析A/S与钪的关系,在A/S小于2.5,钪的含量总体较高,且与A/S正相关,大于2.5后,与A/S负相关。从而得出在铝土岩系中,Sc分布在顶层的黏土岩、中部的铁质铝土矿以及底部的铁质黏土岩、铁质岩,尤其是在含铁铝土岩系中高度富集。通过对比分析铝土岩系各元素含量,发现钪与铁、铌、钒、铬元素成正相关,综合铝土岩系中其他元素的矿物表现形式,推测钪在铝土岩系中的赋存形式可能为：类质同象、离子吸附、和超显微非结构混入物。本文初步探讨总结钪在铝土岩系中可能的赋存形式、时空分布规律及钪的迁移转化机制,为铝土矿中伴生钪资源的综合利用开发提供理论支撑。     

Subsurface Occurrence of Natural Gas Hydrate in the Nankai Trough Area: Implication for Gas Hydrate Concentration

Abstract. The Nankai Trough runs along the Japanese Islands, where extensive BSRs have been recognized in its forearc basins. High resolution seismic surveys and site-survey wells undertaken by the MITI have revealed the gas hydrate distribution at a depth of about 290 mbsf. The MITI Nankai Trough wells were drilled in late 1999 and early 2000. The highlights were successful retrievals of abundant gas hydrate-bearing cores in a variety of sediments from the main hole and the post survey well-2, keeping the cored gas hydrate stable, and the obtaining of continuous well log data in the gas hydrate-dominant intervals from the main hole, the post survey well-1 and the post survey well-3. Gas-hydrate dominant layers were identified at the depth interval from 205 to 268 mbsf. Pore-space hydrate, very small in size, was recognized mostly filling intergranular pores of sandy sediments. Anomalous chloride contents in extracted pore water, core temperature depression, core observations as well as visible gas hydrates confirmed the presence of pore-space hydrates within moderate to thick sand layers. Gas hydrate-bearing sandy strata typically were 10 cm to a meter thick with porosities of about 40 %. Gas hydrate saturations in most hydrate-dominant layers were quite high, up to 90 % pore saturation.
All the gas hydrate-bearing cores were subjected to X-ray CT imagery measurements for observation of undisturbed sedimentary textures and gas-hydrate occurrences before being subjected to other analyses, such as (1) petrophysical properties, (2) biostratigraphy, (3) geochemistry, (4) microbiology and (5) gas hydrate characteristics.     

新疆包古图斑岩铜矿伴生元素金和银赋存状态初步研究

新疆西准噶尔包古图斑岩铜矿床Au平均含量0.25g/t,Ag为2.56g/t,Cu为0.30%,属于富金斑岩铜矿。伴生金和银矿化作用有两期:早期为斑岩矿化,形成了Cu-Mo-Au矿化组合,是主矿化期;后期叠加了Cu-Au-Ag-Te-Bi矿化,规模不大,出露于矿床的局部部位,但对矿石起到了加富作用。通过对钻孔薄片和光薄片的镜下观察及电子探针成分分析,认为早期矿化中Au和Ag主要呈固溶体形式存在于硫化物中,分布比较均匀,基本上不出现独立矿物,Au含量明显高于Ag;晚期矿化形成了复杂的Cu-Au-Ag-Te-Bi矿物,矿石呈浸染状和脉状叠加在早期矿化之上,以银矿物为主,与多种碲铋类矿物共生,主要银矿物有碲银矿、铋-碲银矿(?)、银-辉碲铋矿(?)、银-硫铋铜矿、银金矿等。晚期矿化规模不大,但对于提高矿床的经济价值具有重要意义。     

贵州苗龙金矿床毒砂中金的赋存状态研究

苗龙矿区赋矿地层为寒武系上统三都组灰岩和泥灰岩,矿体严格受断裂构造控制,矿体主要赋存于东西向Fm₁、Fm₁₄断裂中。矿床成矿作用可划分为3个期次,即沉积成岩期、热液成矿期和表生氧化期。毒砂为热液成矿期主阶段重要产物之一,主要呈菱形体、针状、柱状及放射柱状集合体产出。通过对毒砂进行电子探针分析及面扫描分析,结果表明毒砂中主成分稳定,w(Fe)为32.47%~35.71%,平均34.05%;w(S)为21.01%~26.38%,平均为23.13%;w(As)为38.50%~44.73%,平均为41.86%。其成分(FeAs_0.80S_1.17~FeAs_1.02S_1.21)明显偏离理论毒砂的成分(FeAs_1.12S_1-x≤|0.13|),具有富硫亏砷等低温热液特征。毒砂含金性较好,w(Au)为0.05%~0.14%,平均为0.06%。面扫描图像中,Au元素分布均匀,说明Au主要以晶格金(固溶体金)形式存在于毒砂中。     

西藏扎西康锌多金属矿床地质特征及银的赋存状态研究

扎西康锌多金属矿床位于西藏特提斯喜马拉雅板片的"金锑多金属"成矿带东段。研究显示,矿体主要呈脉状、透镜状产于近南北向的张性断裂中。热液成矿作用主要可划分为早、晚2个成矿阶段,7个成矿亚阶段,早期以铅锌矿化为主,晚期以锑(铅)矿化为主。岩矿石镜下鉴定和电子探针分析表明,扎西康矿床矿石种类繁多,矿物组合和成矿元素均呈现明显的分带现象,由深至浅(W→E)为含锡(铁)闪锌矿+铁锰碳酸盐+少量方铅矿+少量黄铜矿(深部)→(铁)闪锌矿+铁锰碳酸盐+少量方铅矿+黄铁矿+毒砂+少量银黝铜矿+少量石英(中深部)→方铅矿+闪锌矿+脆硫锑铅矿+铁锰碳酸盐+硫锑铅矿+少量银黝铜矿+石英(中部)→辉锑矿+方铅矿+少量闪锌矿+石英+少量铁锰碳酸盐(浅部),对应的元素分带为Zn(Pb+Ag+Cu+Sn)→Zn(Pb+Ag)→Zn+Pb(Sb+Ag)→Pb+Sb+Ag+Zn。矿区银矿化主要集中在Ⅴ号矿体ZK2703-ZK2302、ZK1502-ZK1105和ZK806三个区域,与铅锑矿化关系密切。矿石中银主要以类质同象的形式存在,独立银矿物相对较少。其中,类质同象银主要赋存在方铅矿中,少量赋存在硫锑铅矿、脆硫锑铅矿、毒砂、黄铁矿等金属硫化物中;独立银矿物有少量的银黝铜矿、硫锑铅银矿、银(含银)硫铜锑矿。成矿流体中铅、锌、锑、银的运移和富集沉淀是受体系中温度、压力、浓度、pH值等多种因素综合控制的结果。     

扫描电镜-X射线能谱仪在丹巴地区铂族矿物物相特征分析中的应用

丹巴地区铜镍硫化物铂族矿床品位低、铂族矿物颗粒细、铂族元素间的类质同象普遍,此类铂族资源的赋存状态研究及矿石的选冶长期以来都是较为棘手的问题。本文采用扫描电镜-X射线能谱仪器组合,对丹巴铜镍硫化物铂族矿床中含量达到1‰的元素进行快速的定性/定量分析,研究了铂族矿物原位的赋存状态和形貌特征。通过扫描电镜观察到该矿床的铂族矿物主要为砷铂矿、锑钯矿、碲锑钯矿,其次以自然铂、硫砷铑矿、硫砷铱矿,呈椭圆状、纺锤状等形式赋存于黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿及蛇纹石中,部分以类质同象的形式存在,极少量的铂与钯元素呈固溶体形式存在。X射线能谱分析表明该矿床中主要的铂族元素为Pt、Pd,其次为Ru、Rh、Ir、Os; 点分析表明砷铂矿中Pt的含量为52.84%,锑钯矿中Pd的含量为45.15%; 线扫描和面扫描分析表明铂族元素主要分布在含铁的硫化物中,Pt、Pd等铂族元素的含量与铁、镍的含量成正相关关系,反映了丹巴地区铂族元素亲铁、亲镍、亲硫的地球化学特征。     

焦家金矿主矿区金矿石的赋存特征

焦家金矿带是莱州-招远金矿区最重要的金矿带之一,产状复杂且性状变化较大。以往研究主要针对矿物种类、载金矿物及其形状及嵌布关系等进行分析,缺乏对金粒矿物学、金矿物种类及金颗粒的成色研究。本文采用偏光/反光显微镜、体视显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射仪等技术手段对焦家金矿主矿区深部开采的矿石样品进行分析,研究内容主要包括金赋存状态、金粒度、金形状、金矿物类型及不同大小金粒的成色特征。结果表明:载金矿物主要以黄铁矿、黄铜矿等硫化矿和石英、长石等脉石矿物为主。金赋存状态有裂隙金(64.82%)、包裹金(19.29%)、晶隙金(15.89%);黄铁矿、黄铜矿中金粒较大,连群分布占多数,脉石中金粒细小,孤立分布占多数。金矿物形状复杂,主要有球状金、三角形金、矩形金。金矿物种类丰富,以自然金、银金矿、自然银、含铁自然银为主,其次为金铜矿、螺硫银矿、碲化金银。金矿物粒度范围较大,大金颗粒可达到90~110 μm,小金颗粒只有2~3 μm。金银矿物的成色普遍较高,大粒金成色低,以银金矿为主,小粒金成色高,大都为自然金。本文丰富了焦家金矿矿物学研究的内容,为后续选冶工艺提供了调控依据和重要信息。     

Relationships between radium and radon occurrence and hydrochemistry in fresh groundwater from fractured crystalline rocks, North Carolina (USA)

Naturally-occurring radionuclides (uranium, radium, and radon), major dissolved constituents, and trace elements were investigated in fresh groundwater in 117 wells in fractured crystalline rocks from the Piedmont region (North Carolina, USA). Chemical variations show a general transition between two water types: (1) slightly acidic (pH 5.0–6.0), oxic, low-total dissolved solids (TDS) waters, and (2) near neutral, oxic to anoxic, higher-TDS waters. The uranium, radium, and radon levels in groundwater associated with granite (Rolesville Granite) are systematically higher than other rock types (gneiss, metasedimentary, and metavolcanic rocks). Water chemistry plays a secondary role on radium and radon distributions as the ²²²Rn/²²⁶Ra activity ratio is correlated with redox-sensitive solutes such as dissolved oxygen and Mn concentrations, as well as overall dissolved solids content including major divalent cations and Ba. Since ²²⁴Ra/²²⁸Ra activity ratios in groundwater are close to 1, we suggest that mobilization of Ra and Rn is controlled by alpha recoil processes from parent nuclides on fracture surfaces, ruling out Ra sources from mineral dissolution or significant long-distance Ra transport. Alpha recoil is balanced by Ra adsorption that is influenced by redox conditions and/or ion concentrations, resulting in an approximately one order of magnitude decrease (~ 20,000 to ~ 2000) in the apparent Ra distribution coefficient between oxygen-saturated and anoxic conditions and also across the range of dissolved ion concentrations (up to ~ 7 mM). Thus, the U and Th content of rocks is the primary control on observed Ra and Rn activities in groundwater in fractured crystalline rocks, and in addition, linked dissolved solids concentrations and redox conditions impart a secondary control.