关于1937年菏泽7级地震成因的探讨

本文以三维空间角度，从菏泽地震的地震构造环境、构造应力场、震源闭锁形式和地震玻裂机制等方面探讨了菏泽地震的成因。提出了断裂空间交汇闭锁模式和共轭破裂发震机制，分析了菏泽地震发生在聊考断裂的东侧、濮阳——开封上地幔隆起东翼的原因。     

The Upper Limit Size of Reservoir-Induced Earthquakes

We showed the relation between the magnitude of induced earthquake and the reservoir storage and dam height based on the global catalog from 1967 to 1989 compiled by Ding Yuanzhang （1989）. By multiplying reservoir storage with dam height, we introduced a new parameter named EE. We found that the cases with specific EE and magnitude do not exceed a limit. Based on the discussion of its physics, we called EE the equivalent energy. We considered this limit as the upper limit of magnitude for reservoir-induced earthquakes. The result was proved by the recent cases occurring in China. This size limitation can be used as a helpful consideration for reservoir design.     

The influence of variable topography on the depositional behaviour of pyroclastic density currents: The examples of the Upper Pollara eruption (Salina Island,southern Italy)

Stratigraphic reconstruction of the Upper Pollara eruption has allowed for the inference of eruptive mechanisms and the distillation of a sedimentological model for pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) moving across variable topography. The pre-eruptive topography in the study area was characterised by a tuff ring-like morphology, with both inward and outward dipping slopes. Highly viscous, moderately porphyritic, dacitic to rhyolitic magmas fed the eruption, which was characterised by a Vulcanian eruptive style. The stratigraphic succession was divided into five eruption units (EUs), which result from different phases of the eruption separated by stases. Sustained columns occurred only during EU1, while PDC generation dominates EU2–5. Lithofacies analysis of the PDC deposits indicates the prevalence of massive coarse-grained deposits on the inner slopes of the Pollara crater, which are interpreted as the deposits of a flow-boundary zone dominated by granular flow or fluid escape regimes. Dune-bedded, massive to stratified lithofacies dominate the outer slopes of the Pollara crater, and are interpreted as the deposits of PDCs with flow-boundary zones in which traction played a major role. Thin, massive PDC deposits are exposed on the sub-horizontal Malfa terrace, and are interpreted as representative of flow-boundary zones dominated by a granular flow regime. The occurrence of stacked deposits indicates that most of the PDCs were characterised by unsteady pulsatory behaviour, with development of trains of pulses during their transport. The downcurrent lithofacies transitions observed for the Upper Pollara deposits have finally been compared with other similar lithofacies associations which have been described for short-lived PDCs at tuff rings, in order to discuss the influence of pre-eruptive topography on lithofacies association.     

Truncation of the distribution of ground-motion residuals

Recent studies to assess very long-term seismic hazard in the USA and in Europe have highlighted the importance of the upper tail of the ground-motion distribution at the very low annual frequencies of exceedance required by these projects. In particular, the use of an unbounded lognormal distribution to represent the aleatory variability of ground motions leads to very high and potentially unphysical estimates of the expected level of shaking. Current practice in seismic hazard analysis consists of truncating the ground-motion distribution at a fixed number (ε _max) of standard deviations (σ). However, there is a general lack of consensus regarding the truncation level to adopt. This paper investigates whether a physical basis for choosing ε _max can be found, by examining records with large positive residuals from the dataset used to derive one of the ground-motion models of the Next Generation Attenuation (NGA) project. In particular, interpretations of the selected records in terms of causative physical mechanisms are reviewed. This leads to the conclusion that even in well-documented cases, it is not possible to establish a robust correlation between specific physical mechanisms and large values of the residuals, and thus obtain direct physical constraints on ε _max. Alternative approaches based on absolute levels of ground motion and numerical simulations are discussed. However, the choice of ε _max is likely to remain a matter of judgment for the foreseeable future, in view of the large epistemic uncertainties associated with these alternatives. Additional issues arise from the coupling between ε _max and σ, which causes the truncation level in terms of absolute ground motion to be dependent on the predictive equation used. Furthermore, the absolute truncation level implied by ε _max will also be affected if σ is reduced significantly. These factors contribute to rendering a truncation scheme based on a single ε _max value impractical.     

溪洛渡水电站某危岩体稳定性及加固措施研究

在现场调查分析的基础上,提出了溪洛渡水电站某危岩体的两种可能失稳模式（剪切坠落或拉裂倾倒失稳）,进而建立了相应的稳定性计算极限平衡力学模型,而且对危岩体的变形和破坏特征进行了数值模拟分析,分析结果表明,危岩体抗拉裂倾倒稳定性较差,剪切坠落失稳的稳定性系数较高。在稳定性分析的基础上,计算出危岩体倾倒失稳时,安全系数为1.5时的锚固力,进而提出了危岩体加固方案：充填凹岩腔+填充裂隙+预应力锚索＋锚杆联合加固,数值模拟表明此加固方案效果良好。     

岩石边坡稳定的块体单元极限分析上限法

将块体单元法与极限分析上限法相结合,提出了岩石边坡稳定的块体单元极限分析上限法。借助于块体单元法离散计算区域,通过块体系统速度场在结构面上满足Mohr-Coulomb屈服条件、关联流动法则、速度边界条件以及块体系统虚功原理,构成求解边坡强度储备安全系数上限解的非线性规划模型,模型的求解采用复合形法。最后研究了一个岩质楔形体边坡算例和小湾水电站进水口边坡实例,通过将块体单元法上限分析计算结果与刚体极限平衡法相比较,验证了该方法的正确性。     

反倾边坡影响倾倒稳定的几种因素探讨

倾倒破坏是岩石边坡主要的失稳类型之一,而分析岩石边坡倾倒破坏的极限平衡方法主要还是Goodman和Bray提出的G-B方法,尽管该方法采用的是一个比较理想化的模型,但其计算结果能够较好的反映出倾倒破坏的基本规律。本文主要讨论岩层倾角、厚度以及切坡角度对倾倒体稳定的影响。     

非均质各向异性软基上管桩基础承载力分析

对于非均质各向异性软土地基上管桩基础的承载力,基于塑性极限分析理论考虑软土强度的非均质与各向异性效应,提出了一种改进的三维极限分析上限解法。利用有限元分析软件ABAQUS,采用Hill理想弹塑性模型,对软基上管桩水平承载力进行了数值模拟,由此所得到的破坏模式与极限分析方法中的假设失稳机制基本一致。通过变动参数对比分析,探讨了软黏土不排水抗剪强度的各向异性和非均质性对于管桩基础承载力的影响。     

非均质软土基坑抗隆起稳定性的极限分析方法

考虑到实际工程中土体非均质以及软土地区基坑开挖过程中土体稳定性的特点,将极限分析上限方法应用于非均质软土基坑抗隆起稳定分析计算中,讨论了极限分析方法的适用性问题。选用Prandtl机构建立了非均质软土地区基坑抗隆起稳定分析的运动许可速度场,根据速度场推导了极限分析上限方法的计算公式。讨论了该方法中土体强度、基坑宽度、支护墙体入土深度、基岩埋置深度等因素对坑底抗隆起稳定的影响。通过几个工程的计算与对比,验证了该方法的适用性和优越性。     

岩土体物理力学参数对岩质滑坡稳定性的影响

采用有限元-极限平衡法研究了含软弱滑动带的岩质滑坡滑动体、滑动带和滑床的密度、弹性模量和泊松比及滑动带的抗剪强度对滑坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:滑床密度、滑体及滑动带的弹性模量、滑动带及滑床的泊松比和滑动的抗剪强度指标与滑坡稳定性系数呈正相关关系,而滑体及滑动带土体密度、滑床的弹性模量和滑体的泊松比与滑坡稳定性系数呈负相关关系;软弱滑动带的抗剪强度对滑坡稳定性的影响最显著,其次为软弱滑动带的泊松比和滑床的弹性模量,其他参数的影响相对较小。