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151.
Centrifuge Modeling of Rock Slopes Susceptible to Block Toppling 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Summary This paper presents the results of centrifuge tests that were aimed at validating the Goodman-Bray method for rock slope toppling
analysis. The Goodman-Bray method was extended by the authors to accommodate non-persistent basal planes of rock columns.
Two gypsum column models, with and without anchors were used to represent the failure modes. Measured critical centrifuge
accelerations were in agreement with the results obtained from numerical modeling. A background of the toppling slope failures
associated with a large hydropower project in China instigated the need for the centrifuge study. The centrifuge model tests
used an artificial rock. The observed failure mode did not follow a straight failure plane as proposed by Goodman and Bray.
The failures revealed a bi-planar slip surface with a deep-seated portion near the toe of the slope. The outcomes of the centrifuge
tests illustrated the need to search for the critical failure surface when performing a toppling analysis. The search technique
is similar to that usually performed in a conventional sliding analysis. 相似文献
152.
Sebastian Hinsken Kamil Ustaszewski Andreas Wetzel 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2007,96(6):979-1002
Eocene to Early Oligocene syn-rift deposits of the southern Upper Rhine Graben (URG) accumulated in restricted environments.
Sedimentation was controlled by local clastic supply from the graben flanks, as well as by strong intra-basinal variations
in accommodation space due to differential tectonic subsidence, that in turn led to pronounced lateral variations in depositional
environment. Three large-scale cycles of intensified evaporite sedimentation were interrupted by temporary changes towards
brackish or freshwater conditions. They form three major base level cycles that can be traced throughout the basin, each of
them representing a stratigraphic sub-unit. A relatively constant amount of horizontal extension (ΔL) in the range of 4–5 km has been estimated for the URG from numerous cross-sections. The width of the rift (L
f
), however, varies between 35 and more than 60 km, resulting in a variable crustal stretching factor between the bounding
masterfaults. Apart from block tilting, tectonic subsidence was, therefore, largely controlled by changes in the initial rift
width (L
0). The along-strike variations of the graben width are responsible for the development of a deep, trough-like evaporite basin
(Potash Basin) in the narrowest part of the southern URG, adjacent to shallow areas in the wider parts of the rift such as
the Colmar Swell in the north and the Rhine Bresse Transfer Zone that delimits the URG to the south. Under a constant amount
of extension, the along-strike variation in rift width is the principal factor controlling depo-centre development in extensional
basins. 相似文献
153.
冲沟侵蚀是中国西部山区一个重要的环境问题。小流域研究表明,黄河和长江中的泥沙主要是冲沟侵蚀引起的。目前,长江上游80%的冲沟因被幼林草植被覆盖而处于非活跃期。到底这些冲沟系统是什么时候形成的?未来的暴雨和径流是否会激活这些冲沟系统?土地利用与景观结构对冲沟系统的发生、演变有何关系?基于这些问题,近几年来在中科院山地环境学“百人计划”和“国外引进杰出人才”项目及德国洪堡基金的资助下,中德科学工作者进行了合作研究。本文介绍了长江上游地区土地利用变化与冲沟发生、演变的部分研究成果。我们在西昌安宁河干暖河谷选择了两个冲沟系统一个位于西溪乡长山岭,一个位于大青梁子。为了定量评价土地利用对冲沟发育的影响,我们对研究小流域的航片、土壤剖面、泥沙堆积与土地利用历史等进行了详尽的综合对比分析。同时,对两个冲沟系统的大小和土壤流失的体积进行了详细的野外调查、测定和计算。据此,获得了研究流域的冲沟侵蚀速率。研究结果表明,长江上游数百年的持续景观演变,尤其是20世纪中期人为强烈的不合理农业垦殖和利用土地,造成了四川西南部大量冲沟系统的形成和发展,研究流域的冲沟侵蚀速率高达375t/hm2*a-1。采取成功的水土保持措施以控制冲沟侵蚀,对中国西南山地退化环境的生态修复具有重大实践意义。 相似文献
154.
155.
The numerical algorithm of calculation of Lyapounov coefficients (L
k) of any order is developed. The apparatus of analytical calculations is not used in this algorithm. The proposed algorithm is of use for usual computer languages and allows us to find the numerical value of L
k for any k and to make complete qualitative analyses of dynamic models on the plane. 相似文献
156.
157.
Fault network of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) is built of sets of strike-slip, oblique-slip and dip-slip faults. It is a typical product of force couple which acts evenly with the parallel of latitude, causing horizontal and anti-clockwise movement of rock-mass. Earlier research of focal mechanisms of mine tremors, using a standard fault plane solution, has shown that some events are related to tectonic directions in main structural units of the USCB. An attempt was undertaken to analyze the records of mine tremors from the period 1992–1994 in the selected coal fields. The digital records of about 200 mine tremors with energy larger than 1×104 J (M
L
>1.23) were analyzed with SMT software for seismic moment tensor inversion. The decomposition of seismic moment tensor of mine tremors was segmented into isotropic (I) part, compensated linear vector dipole (CLVD) part and double-couple (DC) part. The DC part is prevalent (up to 70%) in the majority of quakes from the central region of the USCB. A group of mine tremors with large I element (up to 50%) can also be observed. The spatial orientation of the fault and auxiliary planes were obtained from the computations for the seismic moment DC part. Study of the DC part of the seismic moment tensor made it possible for us to separate the group of events which might be acknowledged to have their origin in unstable energy release on surfaces of faults forming a regional structural pattern. The possible influence of the Cainozoic tectonic history of the USCB on the recent shape of stress field is discussed. 相似文献
158.
黄河上游的阶地与水系变迁 总被引:23,自引:3,他引:23
黄河上游于贵德盆地和共和盆地中有7级阶地,再往上游方向存在阶地级数递减的趋势。共和盆地中还有3级古黄河阶地,黄河上游水系是通过一级级河流袭夺相继贯通的,共和盆地与贵德盆地间的黄河古道始于中更新世末期,龙羊峡河段始于60ka B.P.前后,玛多与唐乃亥 间的峡谷河段是20ka B.P.才贯通的。 相似文献
159.
Recently discovered dinosaur bones in submerged near-shore deposits of southwest Istria include one vertebra, one femur, and two rib fragments. They all show well-developed vascularization. The large amounts of primary bone tissue in the vertebral and femoral compacta as well as in one rib fragment suggest that they belong to sub-adult animals which were growing rapidly. The structure of a second rib fragment differs in that it consists of secondary bone. The absence of lines of arrested growth is evident in all investigated bones. This suggests a sustained manner of bone deposition. 相似文献
160.