银额盆地哈日凹陷Y井油气地球化学特征与油气源对比

Y井是银额盆地哈日凹陷施钻的第一口揭示二叠系厚度较大的参数钻井,于二叠系试获天然气9.15×104m3/d(无阻流量),并产少量凝析油。在对Y井天然气及凝析油组分、同位素,以及凝析油生物标志化合物等分析的基础上,探讨了天然气和凝析油成因类型。结果表明,天然气为油型(腐泥型)凝析油伴生气,凝析油为高成熟腐泥型,生烃母质以水生生物为主,烃源岩演化进入高成熟阶段。将Y井凝析油与哈日凹陷周缘杭乌拉剖面出露的下二叠统埋汗哈达组烃源岩生物标志化合物特征进行对比,二者具有良好的亲缘关系,Y井凝析油及天然气源于二叠系,进一步证实了银额盆地石炭系—二叠系良好的油气资源前景。     

Geochemical characteristics and depositional environment of the Middle Permian mudstones from central Qiangtang Basin,northern Tibet

Geochemical characteristics of the Middle Permian mudstones from the Longge Formation in the Jiaomuri area, central uplift zone of Qiangtang Basin have been analysed to constrain their provenance, tectonic setting, depositional redox condition and palaeoclimate. Based on the geochemical parameters like CIA, PIA, ICV values and Th/U, K/Rb ratios indicate that the source rocks were affected by low degree weathering conditions. The U/Th, V/Cr, Ni/Co, V/Sc ratios and U_au, C‐values of samples suggest that the mudstones were formed in an oxic environment, with arid palaeoclimate. Bulk‐rock geochemistry analysis indicates that they are mainly arkose and subarkose, derived from dominantly andesitic rocks, probably a mixing of felsic and mafic provenance. The CIA, PIA and ICV values of these samples suggest that the Longge mudstones are compositionally immature and related to moderate weathering. The tectonic discrimination diagrams, as well as critical trace and REE characteristic parameters imply an oceanic arc or continental arc setting for the depositional basin of mudstones from the Longge Formation, probably back‐arc basin. This study supports an occurrence of archipelagic oceanic basins in the Jiaomuri area in the Middle Permian, which provides evidence for the research of the Longmu Co–Shuanghu–Lancangjiang Suture. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Çakraz Formation, Çamdağ area,NW Turkey: early/mid‐Permian age,Rotliegend (Germany) and Southern Alps (Italy) equivalent—a stratigraphic re‐assessment via palynological long‐distance correlation

The palynological record from the Permian part of the Çakraz Formation from the Çamdağ area of NW Turkey has been investigated in order to obtain a more precise age assessment than achieved in previous studies. The ‘Late Permian’ age and a possible age range beginning in the Roadian (mid Permian) were discussed before for sections of palynomorph‐bearing strata occurring within the formation. These deposits are now assigned to the late Cisuralian/Guadalupian and considered to be not older than early Kungurian, and not younger than Capitanian. The new age assessment was conducted via a long‐distance, intercontinental palynostratigraphic correlation from NW Turkey to South America, where results of radiometric datings were linked to some siliciclastic sections by absolute ages to the chronostratigraphy. Common conspicuous taxa in pollen‐dominated assemblages from both regions are Lueckisporites and Vittatina such as Lueckisporites virkkiae, L. latisaccus, L. stenotaeniatus, Vittatina corrugata, V. subsaccata and V. wodehousei. These species co‐occur in strata of the northern as well as southern palaeohemisphere settings (NW Turkey and S America). Thus, Lueckisporites latisaccus, L. stenotaeniatus and Vittatina corrugata are, as well as L. virkkiae or V. subsaccata, considered as being cosmopolitan. Due to the more precise palynological dating of part of the Çakraz Formation and surrounding deposits they are here broadly correlated with Permian continental successions from the Southern Alps, Italy, including the Val Daone Conglomerate and the Verrucano Lombardo/Val Gardena Sandstone (Gröden) red beds, and the Rotliegend deposits of Germany. These results support some earlier views regarding the age and stratigraphic equivalences with European deposits. The new age for the Çakraz Formation also supports recent considerations as middle Permian (part Guadalupian), and as Cisuralian for the lower parts of the formation, such as the fossil‐bearing section with plants and tetrapod traces further east in NW Turkey, where the unit also crops out. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组超低渗储层油气成藏启动压力研究

近10年来,非常规油气资源在全球能源格局中的地位愈发重要,低渗透—致密油已成为目前勘探的热点,在我国具有可观的前景。而对于低渗透油气成藏启动压力的研究一直是一个难点,目前仍处于起步阶段,它的完善直接关系到低渗透乃至致密油气成藏的理论研究及勘探。本文首先以鄂尔多斯盆地延长组岩心为基础进行覆压孔隙度、渗透率实验研究,分析储层物性随覆压的变化关系;其次,结合喉道半径与孔、渗的关系,研究喉道半径随有效应力的变化关系,并探讨不同成藏机制的致密油藏的启动压力;最后详细分析鄂尔多斯盆地华池—合水地区上三叠统延长组长7致密油藏的成藏启动压力及成藏下限。结果表明:超低渗储层的孔、渗与有效应力间存在较好的乘幂关系,拟合函数的系数与地表的物性值相关性较好;喉道半径与孔、渗的相关性较好,与孔隙度呈指数关系,与渗透率呈乘幂关系;对于先致密后成藏类型油气藏来说,以渗透率建立的启动压力计算方法可靠,而先成藏后致密或边成藏边致密类型油气藏,启动压力计算方法还有待深入研究。华池—合水地区延长组长7致密油藏成藏时储层渗透率为0.00473×10-3μm2~0.52832×10-3μm2,平均0.01380×10-3μm2;孔隙度为1.458%~10.851%,平均7.224%;储层的平均喉道半径为0.0033~0.3769μm。该区属先致密后成藏,成藏的实际启动压力为0.0788~13.0022 MPa,平均2.1025 MPa。长7源岩的最大埋深为3000 m,原油的充注压力为6.06 MPa,油藏条件下充注的喉道半径下限为8.576×10-3μm,渗透率下限为0.00486×10-3μm2。     

华南上扬子区中奥陶世(达瑞威尔期)十字铺组与牯牛潭组的划分与时空分布

笔者等在充分调研的基础上,通过开展大量的野外勘察以及牙形石生物地层研究,结合露头和钻井资料对上扬子区中奥陶世牯牛潭组与十字铺组的定义与时空分布特征进行了系统的梳理与总结。结果表明:十字铺组为中奥陶世达瑞威尔期晚期(Dw3)的一套以页岩为主的地层,呈条带状近东西向分布于黔北、川东南及滇东北等地区。牯牛潭组是达瑞威尔期(Dw1—Dw3)的一套灰岩相沉积,与下伏和上覆地层的接触关系类型存在四种情况。在其中三种情况下,该组可能与上覆地层之间存在地层缺失。该组底、顶界穿时明显:底界主要介于Dw1晚期至Dw2早期之间,对应牙形石Lenodus antivariabilis带至Lenodus variabilis带;顶界最晚可达Dw3晚期,对应牙形石Pygodus anserinus带,最早仅到Dw1晚期(L.antivariabilis带)。在研究区该组主要分布于川东、重庆大部、黔北、黔东北、鄂西及湘西北地区。在部分地区,牯牛潭组上部可与十字铺组对比。     

Geology,structure and age of the Nahuel Niyeu Formation in the Aguada Cecilio area,North Patagonian Massif,Argentina

The low-grade Nahuel Niyeu Formation in the Aguada Cecilio area (40°50′S–65°53′W) shows ultramafic to felsic metaigneous rocks forming a sill swarm intercalated in the metasedimentary sequence and a polyphase deformation which permit an integrated study of the magmatic and tectonometamorphic evolution of this geological unit.In this paper we present a geological characterization of the Nahuel Niyeu Formation in the Aguada Cecilio area combining mapping, structural and metamorphic analysis with a SHRIMP U–Pb age and geochemical data from the metaigneous rocks.The metasedimentary sequence consists of alternating metagreywackes and phyllites, and minor metasandstones and granule metaconglomerates. The sills are pre-kinematic intrusions and yielded one SHRIMP U–Pb, zircon crystallization age of 513.6 ± 3.3 Ma. Their injection occurred after consolidation of the sedimentary sequence. A syn-sedimentary volcanic activity is interpreted by a metaandesite lava flow interlayered in the metasedimentary sequence. Sedimentary and igneous protoliths of the Nahuel Niyeu Formation would have been formed in a continental margin basin associated with active magmatic arc during the Cambrian Epoch 2. Two main low-grade tectonometamorphic events affected the Nahuel Niyeu Formation, one during the Cambrian Epoch 2–Early Ordovician and the other probably in the late Permian at ∼260 Ma. Local late folds could belong to the final stages of the late Permian deformation or be even younger.In a regional context, the Nahuel Niyeu and El Jagüelito formations and Mina Gonzalito Complex show a comparable Cambrian–Ordovician evolution related to the Terra Australis Orogen in the south Gondwana margin. This evolution is also coeval with the late and early stages of the Pampean and Famatinian orogenies of Central Argentina, respectively. The late Permian event recorded in the Nahuel Niyeu Formation in Aguada Cecilio area is identified by comparable structures affecting the Mina Gonzalito Complex and El Jagüelito Formation and resetting ages from granitoids. This event represents the Gondwanide Orogeny within the same Terra Australis Orogen.     

Controls on structural styles along the deformation front of the Subandean zone of southern Bolivia

The Subandean zone of southern Bolivia is a typical thin-skinned fold and thrust belt with remarkable regularity in the geometry of the structures. However, when the structural geometry and evolution are analyzed in detail, it is verified that there are many deviations from such regularity. In this paper, special emphasis has been placed on analyzing those processes that could explain the along strike variations in structural styles of the deformation front.Particularly, the role that played the upper detachment level in the development of the different structural styles observed along the deformation front is analyzed herein. This analysis is focused on the development of overpressures, which may have been essential for the activation of the detachment level in the Devonian shales of the Los Monos Formation. To do this, we made a series of 1D petroleum system models at different locations along the deformation front. This analysis allowed to model primary gas generation and secondary cracking — processes that are related to overpressure occurrence, and therefore, to the efficiency of the upper detachment level. The models suggest a close relationship between thermal evolution of the foreland basin and generation of gas, with different structural styles observed at the deformation front. Thus, it was possible to divide the deformation front of the southern Subandean zone into two distinct segments. In the northern segment, where models suggest that gas generation and overpressures of the Los Monos Formation would be well developed, the existence of composite roof duplexes is verified. On the other hand, where the models suggest that generation of gas in the Los Monos Formation would be limited, the upper detachment level is not involved in the deformation, and the existence of fault bend fold structures is verified.     

Further records of biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Upper Cretaceous Burmese amber (Myanmar)

A new biting midge Archiculicoides andersoni sp. nov. from Upper Cretaceous Burmese amber is described and illustrated. An unknown male of Leptoconops myanmaricus Szadziewski, 2004 is described and an undetermined female of the genus Archiaustroconops and Austroconops in the collection of National Museums Scotland is reported. A key for the determination of 10 named species in 6 genera of biting midges reported from Burmese amber is also provided.     

Surface cracks—geomorphological indicators for late Quaternary halotectonic movements in Northern Germany

Loading and unloading effects of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet triggered halotectonic movements in Northern Germany. We present newly detected geomorphological features—termed surface cracks—which indicate a relation between ice sheet-induced salt movement and surface processes. As a part of the Central European Basin System, numerous Zechstein salt structures are abundant in the North German Basin. On the basis of high-resolution digital terrain data, more than 160 surface cracks were mapped in Northern Germany, which were grouped into 30 clusters. Almost all of the surface cracks occur above the top regions of Zechstein salt structures. The surface cracks can be several kilometres long, up to more than 20 m deep and more than 100 m wide. The comparison of the shape of the salt structures and the orientation of the cracks reveals a geometric dependency, indicating that the cracks preferably occur near the crest margins of the salt structures. Furthermore, 3D seismic data from two sites show that subsurface faults originating from salt movement exist beneath the surface cracks. We interpret the cracks as surface ruptures due to ice sheet-induced halotectonic movements. The cracks occur in a variety of Quaternary sediments and landforms. This indicates that widespread halokinetic movements occurred in the region after the last (Weichselian) deglaciation and likely before the thawing of the permafrost, possibly in a time frame from c. 30–20 ka until c. 15 ka.     

Upper Campanian–Maastrichtian holostratigraphy of the eastern Danish Basin

One of the most expanded upper Campanian–Maastrichtian successions worldwide has been cored in a series of boreholes in eastern Denmark. A high-resolution holostratigraphic analysis of this part of the Chalk Group has been undertaken on these cores, notably Stevns-1, in order to provide a record of changes in chalk facies, water depths and sea-water temperatures. Combined lithological data, a suite of petrophysical logs including gamma ray (GR) logs, nannofossil and dinoflagellate palaeontology, stable carbon isotopes, seismic reflection and refraction sections form the basis for the definition of two new formations and six members, three of which are new, and for recognition of Boreal nannofossil subzones UC15e^BP to UC20d^BP. The upper Campanian–lowermost Maastrichtian Mandehoved Formation is subdivided into the Flagbanke and Boesdal Members and the Maastrichtian Møns Klint Formation is subdivided into the Hvidskud, Rørdal, Sigerslev, Kjølby Gaard Marl and Højerup Members. The Boesdal and Rørdal Members show high GR values and a pronounced chalk-marl cyclicity. The Rørdal and the thin Kjølby Gaard Marl Members have a regional distribution and can be traced over most of the Danish Basin, whereas the Højerup Member is restricted to the easternmost part of Sjælland. The other members consist of rather featureless white chalk.