The Upper Pleistocene deposits at Cassington,near Oxford,England

For much of the Middle and all of the Upper Pleistocene the Upper Thames valley has remained outside the limit of ice advance. The main agents of landform evolution have been the River Thames and its tributaries, which have cut down episodically and in so doing have abandoned a series of river terraces. This study reports the findings of an investigation into exposures in the deposits underlying the Floodplain Terrace at Cassington, near Oxford, England. The sequence exposed reveals a stratigraphy of basal, predominantly fine-grained, lithofacies overlain by coarser gravel lithofacies. The fluvial architecture of these deposits indicates a major change in fluvial style from a low-energy (meandering) to a high energy (braided) channel system. The flora and fauna from the lower fine-grained lithofacies display a marked change from temperate at the base, to colder conditions towards the top, indicating a close association between deteriorating climate and changing fluvial depositional style. Amino acid and luminescence geochronology from the basal fine-grained lithofacies suggest correlation with Oxygen Isotope Stage 5 and hence it is argued that the major environmental change recorded at the site relates to the Oxygen Isotope Stage 5–4 transition. Deposition of much of the overlying gravel sequence probably occurred during Oxygen Isotope Stage 4, suggesting that the latter half of the Devensian may be less significant, in terms of fluvial landscape evolution in the Upper Thames valley, than was believed previously. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黔北瓜德鲁普世—乐平世转换时期大规模成硅事件硅质来源厘定

联合古陆(Pangea)大陆边缘及泛大洋和古特提斯洋的广大地区在二叠纪时期出现大规模硅质富集事件, 被称之为“全球二叠纪硅质沉积事件”。黔北遵义地区二叠纪瓜德鲁普世—乐平世转换时期成硅事件为该事件重要组成部分, 呈现出“白泥塘层”层状炭硅质灰岩、层状硅质岩和硅质条带或燧石结核三种不同类型硅质富集岩石。遵义地区硅质来源的研究能够深入认识全球性“二叠纪硅质沉积事件”, 同时为研究该时期遵义盆地的结构和演化提供了重要窗口, 对遵义锰矿成矿作用也有重要指示意义。文中采用岩石学和地球化学方法并通过硅同位素的协同指示意义对硅质来源进行厘定, 并对硅质岩成因与沉积环境进行归纳总结, 在研究区建立系统完整的硅质富集沉积体系。实验测试结果显示: “白泥塘层”炭硅质灰岩中δ30Si值介于–0.09 ~ –0.67之间, 层状硅质岩中δ30Si值介于0.03~1.47之间。结合主、微量元素特征和岩石学特征表明: “白泥塘层”炭硅质灰岩形成于深水盆地缺氧还原环境, 硅质来源于海底热液, 沉积中心位于热液喷口的附近, 沉积过程中受陆源硅质输入影响显著。层状硅质岩形成于浅海台地正常沉积氧化环境, 硅质来源于海底热液, 沉积远离热液喷口, 热液沿构造裂隙通道经过了一定的迁移距离, 与茅口组浅海台地相正常沉积的块状-厚层状灰岩发生交代作用, 从而形成硅质岩; 硅质条带或结核形成于浅海台地正常沉积氧化环境, 硅质主要来源于海底热液, 沉积过程中有陆源硅质的输入, 由长时间多期次的海底热液喷流作用带来的硅质迁移至盆地外围浅海台地形成。     

大地电磁测深不同反演方法的应用效果对比--以安徽皖江地区页岩气调查为例

在安徽皖江地区页岩气地质调查中,开展了大地电磁测深(magnetotelluric sounding, MT)剖面研究,通过对比4种不同反演方法和不同极化模式的反演结果,分析各方法的优缺点。4种反演方法各有特点,不同极化模式也具有不同的反演效果。地质与钻孔资料表明,二维带地形共轭梯度反演TM极化模式的电性特征清晰,迭代收敛效果最佳,与地质资料吻合较好,可成功识别二叠纪泥页岩低阻异常。初步推断了皖江地区断裂空间展布特征及页岩气目标层分布,可为其他类似地区大地电磁测深勘探反演方法的选取提供参考。     

云南会泽地区玄武粗安岩年代学、地球化学及构造演化

滇东北会泽地区发现峨眉山玄武岩中沿NNE向发育的玄武粗安岩,通过详细的野外地质调查、镜下岩相学分析、锆石U-Pb定年以及岩石地球化学测试等方法,研究了该玄武粗安岩形成年龄,地球化学特征及其指示的构造演化过程。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学确定玄武粗安岩形成的加权年龄为(251.6±4.2)Ma(MSWD=0.20),蚀变年龄分别为(143.5±1.9)Ma和(150.5±2.4)Ma。岩石地球化学主量、稀土和微量元素测试表明,玄武粗安岩的SiO_2含量在52.09%～54.10%,属于中基性火山岩;Mg~#介于19.88～40.86,在TAS图解上整体显示为碱性玄武岩粗安岩系列;稀土元素和微量元素特征显示出会泽玄武粗安岩来自交代的富集地幔源区,岩浆演化过程中发生了一定的单斜辉石、斜长石和磁铁矿的分离结晶作用。会泽玄武粗安岩是峨眉山玄武岩的一部分,推断其为峨眉山地幔柱活动消亡期的产物。     

内蒙古自治区兴安盟突泉盆地TD-2井晚二叠世孢粉的发现及其油气地质意义

松辽盆地西缘的突泉盆地是在古生界之上形成的中生代盆地,近年因在侏罗系发现轻质原油而备受关注。然而,对于该盆地古生代下伏地层及其油气资源前景的研究,过去并未系统开展过。本次运用岩石地层、微体化石和烃源岩样品测试分析等方法对突泉盆地南部牤牛海凹陷TD-2井的岩心开展系统分析,TD-2井在中侏罗世万宝组砂砾岩之下发育一套以暗色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩为主的沉积,产孢粉化石19属26种,包括:Leiotriletes adnatus,Punctatisporites debilis, Cyclogranisporites sp., Alisporites auritus, Al. communis, Al. stenoholcus, Al. sp.?,Klausipollenites schaubergeri, Pityosporites evolutus, Sulcatisporites dalongkouensis, S. ovatus, S. sp.?, Hamiapollenites indistinctus, Lunatisporites tersus, Piceaepollenites opimus, P. sp., Voltziaceaesporites xinjiangensis, Crucisaccites variosulcatus, Divarisaccus cinctus, Plicatipollenites cf. densus, Parcisporites scabratus, Platysaccus sp., P. papilionis,Cycadopites caperatus, Samoilovitchisaccites chordens,孢粉指示的地质时代为晚二叠世;烃源岩分析结果显示,这套暗色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩的烃源岩指标较好,具良好的油气资源前景。岩石地层和生物地层综合对比研究表明,TD-2井下部发育的这套以暗色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩为主的细碎屑沉积为晚二叠世林西组,且其具有良好的生烃基础。该发现为研究松辽盆地西缘晚古生代地层序列奠定了基础,对探讨松辽及周边盆地上古生界油气资源具有重要意义。     

山东莱芜黄羊山晚寒武世牙形石组合及寒武系与奥陶系界线的确定

通过实测莱芜黄羊山晚寒武世地层剖面,利用牙形石确定了寒武系与奥陶系的界线;对长山阶的碳氧同位素曲线特征进行了分析,并与我国华南及哈萨克斯坦等国的寒武系芙蓉统底部的碳同位素曲线进行对比,建立了莱芜地区上寒武统与华南以及国外上寒武统的对比关系。     

Late Paleozoic tectonic evolution in northern Korean Peninsula

Since Late Proterozoic era, the Korean Peninsula has been evolved into a state with relatively stable regions and orogenic beltswhich were developed differently each other. The Late Paleozoic (Late Carboniferous－Early Triassic) sediments are well developed in the Korean Peninsula, and called the Pyongan System. The Pyongan System from Late Carboniferous to Lower Triassic is distributed in the Pyongnan and Hyesan-Riwon Basins, and Rangrim Massif, and divided into Hongjom (C2 ) , Ripsok (C2 ) , Sadong (C2-P1 ) , Kobangsan and Rokam ( Taezhawon) ( P2-T1 ) sequences. The sediments of the Tumangang Orogenic Belt are called Tuman System which is composed of the Amgi Series, consisting of clastic formation with mafic effusive material, overlaid by the Kyeryongsan Series, consisting mainly of mafic volcano sediments. The Songsang Series which rests on the Kyeryongsan Series mainly consists of clastic formation with minor felsic effusive material. In the Tuman- gang Orogenic Belt the tectonic movement, called Tumangang Tectonic Movement, occurred in the Lower Permian－Lower Triassic.     

Origin of channel systems in the Upper Cretaceous Chalk Group of the Paris Basin

The Upper Cretaceous Chalk Group of the Anglo-Paris Basin is known to show wedging beds and channel-like features which disrupt the quietly deposited pelagic chalk that covered most of NW Europe in the Late Cretaceous. Two-D reflection seismic data from the Brie region, SE of Paris, show the presence of at least two distinct intra-chalk discordant reflections: a Top Santonian and a Mid-Campanian reflection. These reflections are in places associated with up to 120-m-deep channel-like structures trending preferentially N–S and NW–SE. The Mid-Campanian reflection is also sporadically associated with a massive secondary dolomite layer, the thicknesses of which may reach 110 m. Diagenesis does not seem to account for the formation of the discordant reflections, as there is neither a one-to-one relationship between the dolomite and discordant reflections, nor are there signs of systematic collapse of the Cenozoic succession over the channel-like features as a result of intra-chalk dissolution. Both reflections correlate with indurated chalk layers and hardgrounds, and represent real unconformities. The Mid-Campanian reflection is furthermore associated with a stratigraphic hiatus. A submarine origin is suggested due to the uninterrupted deep-marine chalk facies below and above both unconformities, and the unrealistically large sea-level drop of more than 200 m, which would be necessary for subaerial exposure of the central Paris Basin during the Campanian. The channels are oriented parallel to the margins of the basin, and important bathymetric elements which could induce erosion by slope failure are not observed. The channels are thus interpreted as having formed by strong, mainly slope-parallel bottom currents. Major channeling events are common in the Chalk Group throughout NW Europe and represent palaeoceanographic re-organization of bottom currents, probably driven by changes in sea level and water temperature.     

Water masses and currents of deep circulation southwest of the Shatsky Rise in the western North Pacific

We conducted full-depth hydrographic observations in the southwestern region of the Northwest Pacific Basin in September 2004 and November 2005. Deep-circulation currents crossed the observation line between the East Mariana Ridge and the Shatsky Rise, carrying Lower Circumpolar Deep Water westward in the lower deep layer (θ<1.2 °C) and Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCDW) and North Pacific Deep Water (NPDW) eastward in the upper deep layer (1.3–2.2 °C). In the lower deep layer at depths greater than approximately 3500 m, the eastern branch current of the deep circulation was located south of the Shatsky Rise at 30°24′–30°59′N with volume transport of 3.9 Sv (1 Sv=10⁶ m³ s⁻¹) in 2004 and at 30°06′–31°15′N with 1.6 Sv in 2005. The western branch current of the deep circulation was located north of the Ogasawara Plateau at 26°27′–27°03′N with almost 2.1 Sv in 2004 and at 26°27′–26°45′N with 2.7 Sv in 2005. Integrating past and present results, volume transport southwest of the Shatsky Rise is concluded to be a little less than 4 Sv for the eastern branch current and a little more than 2 Sv for the western branch current. In the upper deep layer at depths of approximately 2000–3500 m, UCDW and NPDW, characterized by high and low dissolved oxygen, respectively, were carried eastward at the observation line by the return flow of the deep circulation composing meridional overturning circulation. UCDW was confined between the East Mariana Ridge and the Ogasawara Plateau (22°03′–25°33′N) in 2004, whereas it extended to 26°45′N north of the Ogasawara Plateau in 2005. NPDW existed over the foot and slope of the Shatsky Rise from 29°48′N in 2004 and 30°06′N in 2005 to at least 32°30′N at the top of the Shatsky Rise. Volume transport of UCDW was estimated to be 4.6 Sv in 2004, whereas that of NPDW was 1.4 Sv in 2004 and 2.6 Sv in 2005, although the values for NPDW may be slightly underestimated, because they do not include the component north of the top of the Shatsky Rise. Volume transport of UCDW and NPDW southwest of the Shatsky Rise is concluded to be approximately 5 and 3 Sv, respectively. The pathways of UCDW and NPDW are new findings and suggest a correction for the past view of the deep circulation in the Pacific Ocean.     

长江源各拉丹冬地区晚二叠世乌丽群的腕足类生物组合

在长江源区各拉丹冬一带晚二叠世地层中建立了2个腕足类生物组合，下部为Spinomarginifera cf.kueichowensis-Tschernyschewia cf.sinensis-Tyloplecta cf.yangtzeensis组合，见于乌丽群下部的那益雄组；上部为Leptodus nobilis-Perigeyerella costellata-Enteletes subequivalis组合，见于乌丽群上部的拉卜查日组。两个组合生物群属于特提斯动物群，均可与华南地区同期地层中的生物群相对比。