Depositional and palaeoenvironmental variation of lower Turonian nearshore facies in the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin,Czech Republic

Dark grey strata belonging to the basal horizons of the Bílá Hora Formation (lower Turonian) were exposed during quarrying at the locality of Plaňany (Bohemian Cretaceous Basin). Based mainly on quarry maps, the early Turonian rocky bottom was reconstructed in the area of about 14,800 m². Two sedimentologic and palaeoecological settings were recognized in the area. Dark grey deposits form part of the first setting, representing a fill of large and deep depressions on the northern foot of the Plaňany elevation. The second setting with a phosphatic lag is located on the elevated part of the area. Dark grey sedimentation belongs to the UC6a and particularly to the UC6b nannoplankton zones. During the latter zone the dark sedimentation passed upwards into light siltstones. The enrichment of C_org and S, clay minerals with an important kaolinite peak, formation of framboidal pyrite and the enrichment of macrofauna and phosphatic particles are characteristic of the basal portions of the dark deposits. The sulphate reduction zone is suggested for this sedimentary environment. In the associations of phosphatic particles, shark coprolites, faecal pellets and sponge fragments prevail. No phosphatic lag is developed. On the other hand, the phosphatic lag directly overlying the Cenomanian relics is most characteristic of the second setting. This lag is a product of sedimentary condensation, characterized by a long-lasting concentration of phosphatic particles and phosphogenesis, accompanied by encrustation of closely adjacent free rock surfaces by a faunal community with Terebella. Additional biostratigraphic data presently contributed to a proposed correlation of both settings. Micropalaeontological data (foraminifera, palynomorphs, nannoplankton) indicate that the phosphatic lag and basal dark grey deposits may be approximately coeval. The stagnant depositional conditions with only very slow sea-level rise are thought to have lasted for a relatively long period that includes a significant part of the Whiteinella archaeocretacea Zone (lowermost Turonian). In elevated parts, condensation could proceed under conditions of prevailingly weak currents and strong oxidation of organic matter, while decomposition of organic matter was probably very slow and incomplete in depressions below the elevation. The sedimentary condensation in both settings is highlighted by the remarkable formation of abundant glauconite in local deposits.     

A comparison of MODIS and NOHRSC snow‐cover products for simulating streamflow using the Snowmelt Runoff Model

Remote sensing is an important source of snow‐cover extent for input into the Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) and other snowmelt models. Since February 2000, daily global snow‐cover maps have been produced from data collected by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The usefulness of this snow‐cover product for streamflow prediction is assessed by comparing SRM simulated streamflow using the MODIS snow‐cover product with streamflow simulated using snow maps from the National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center (NOHRSC). Simulations were conducted for two tributary watersheds of the Upper Rio Grande basin during the 2001 snowmelt season using representative SRM parameter values. Snow depletion curves developed from MODIS and NOHRSC snow maps were generally comparable in both watersheds: satisfactory streamflow simulations were obtained using both snow‐cover products in larger watershed (volume difference: MODIS, 2·6%; NOHRSC, 14·0%) and less satisfactory streamflow simulations in smaller watershed (volume difference: MODIS, −33·1%; NOHRSC, −18·6%). The snow water equivalent (SWE) on 1 April in the third zone of each basin was computed using the modified depletion curve produced by the SRM and was compared with in situ SWE measured at Snowpack Telemetry sites located in the third zone of each basin. The SRM‐calculated SWEs using both snow products agree with the measured SWEs in both watersheds. Based on these results, the MODIS snow‐cover product appears to be of sufficient quality for streamflow prediction using the SRM in the snowmelt‐dominated basins. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Structural fabric evidence for indentation tectonics in the Nambucca Block,southern New England Fold Belt,New South Wales

Structural studies of Lower Permian sequences exposed on wave‐cut platforms within the Nambucca Block, indicate that one to two ductile and two to three brittle — ductile/brittle events are recorded in the lower grade (sub‐greenschist facies) rocks; evidence for four, possibly five, ductile and at least three brittle — ductile/brittle events occurs in the higher grade (greenschist facies) rocks. Veins formed prior to the second ductile event are present in some outcrops. Further, the studies reveal a change in fold style from west‐southwest‐trending, open, south‐southeast‐verging, inclined folds (F₁ ⁰) at Grassy Head in the south, to east‐northeast‐trending, recumbent, isoclinal folds (F₁ ⁰; F₂ ⁰) at Nambucca Heads to the north, suggesting that strain increases towards the Coffs Harbour Block. A solution cleavage formed during D₁ in the lower grade rocks and cleavages defined by neocrystalline white mica developed during D₁ and D₂ in the higher grade rocks. South‐ to south‐southwest‐directed tectonic transport and north‐south shortening operated during these earlier events. Subsequently, north‐northeast‐trending, open, upright F₃ ² folds and inclined, northwest‐verging, northeast‐trending F₄ ² folds developed with poorly to moderately developed axial planar, crenulation cleavage (S₃ and S₄) formed by solution transfer processes. These folds formed heterogeneously in S₂ throughout the higher grade areas. Later northeast‐southwest shortening resulted in the formation of en échelon vein arrays and kink bands in both the lower and higher grade rocks. Shortening changed to east‐northeast‐west‐southwest during later north‐northeast to northeast, dextral, strike‐slip faulting and then to approximately northwest‐southeast during the formation of east‐southeast to southeast‐trending, strike‐slip faults. Cessation of faulting occurred prior to the emplacement of Triassic (229 Ma) granitoids. On a regional scale, S₁ trends east‐west and dips moderately to the north in areas unaffected by later events. S₂ has a similar trend to S₁ in less‐deformed areas, but is refolded about east‐west axes during D₃. S₃ is folded about east‐west axes in the highest grade, multiply deformed central part of the Nambucca Block. The deformation and regional metamorphism in the Nambucca Block is believed to be the result of indenter tectonics, whereby south‐directed movement of the Coffs Harbour Block during oroclinal bending, sequentially produced the east‐west‐trending structures. The effects of the Coffs Harbour Block were greatest during D₁ and D₂.     

Early Permian supra‐subduction assemblage of the South Island terrane,Percy Isles,New England Fold Belt,Queensland

Ultramafic‐intermediate rocks exposed on the South Island of the Percy Isles have been previously grouped into the ophiolitic Marlborough terrane of the northern New England Fold Belt. However, petrological, geochemical and geochronological data all suggest a different origin for the South Island rocks and a new terrane, the South Island terrane, is proposed. The South Island terrane rocks differ from ultramafic‐mafic rocks of the Marlborough terrane not only in lithological association, but also in geochemical features and age. These data demonstrate that the South Island terrane is genetically unrelated to the Marlborough terrane but developed in a supra‐subduction zone environment probably associated with an Early Permian oceanic arc. There is, however, a correlation between the South Island terrane rocks and intrusive units of the Marlborough ophiolite. This indicates that the two terranes were in relative proximity to one another during Early Permian times. A K/Ar age of 277 ± 7 Ma on a cumulative amphibole‐rich diorite from the South Island terrane suggests possible affinities with the Gympie and Berserker terranes of the northern New England Fold Belt.     

贵州新民石门坎三叠系关岭组底部火山凝灰岩锆石U-Pb年龄及意义

华南地区三叠系地层发育,安尼阶底界（即下—中三叠统界线）附近广泛发育浅绿色火山凝灰岩或凝灰质碎屑岩,俗称 “绿豆岩”。国际安尼阶底界界线层型候选剖面——位于南盘江盆地内的贵州关刀剖面和广西湾头剖面,已获得可对比的“绿豆岩”锆石U-Pb年龄,但在相邻的上扬子台地上尚缺少对安尼阶底界测年的可对比数据。本研究采集了贵州省盘州市新民镇石门坎剖面三叠系关岭组底部的多层“绿豆岩”,利用LA-ICP-MS获得锆石的U-Pb年龄。结果显示,石门坎剖面关岭组底部的锆石结晶年龄为246.9±1.1 Ma,可与南盘江盆地内及上扬子台地区出露安尼阶底界的剖面相对比。其绝对年龄为上扬子台地区内的安尼阶底界年龄对比提供了参照,有助于限定中三叠世海生爬行动物群所代表的海洋生态系统的复苏时间。石门坎剖面地层沉积连续,未来有望继续开展综合地层学的研究。     

基于HEC-RAS及GIS的川西叠溪古滑坡堰塞湖溃决洪水重建

青藏高原东南缘岷江上游地区地质环境条件十分复杂,滑坡堵江灾害及堰塞湖溃决事件频发,重建其灾害演化过程对于地区性防灾减灾和风险控制具有重要指导意义。以川西岷江上游叠溪古滑坡堰塞湖为研究对象,首先利用高精度DEM和ArcGIS软件重建了叠溪古堰塞湖的原始规模,其原始最大湖水面积为1.1×10⁷ m²,相应的湖容量为2.9×10⁹ m³;然后采用经验公式法和HEC-RAS一维水力学模型重建叠溪古堰塞湖溃决洪水的水力学特征。计算结果表明,HEC-RAS模拟的最大溃决洪水洪峰流量为73 060 m³/s,与经验公式法计算结果(74 500~76 800 m³/s,平均值76 000 m³/s)非常接近,误差小于5%。对应的最大洪水深度和流速分别为70.1 m和16.78 m/s,模拟河段的洪水淹没范围约为6.08 km²。综合误差分析推测的溃决洪峰流量误差范围为69 000~81 000 m³/s。叠溪古滑坡堰塞湖溃决洪水在世界范围内是十分罕见的,其最直接的影响是在下游数公里范围的河谷内形成大量带状或台阶状的溃坝堆积体和巨砾石堆积“阶地”,且这种影响仍延续至今,这与前人关于高能洪水水文特征和沉积特征的研究认识高度一致,证明本研究成果是非常可靠的。此外,本研究还表明,HEC-RAS一维水力模型可用于高山峡谷地区古滑坡堰塞湖溃决洪水重建研究,可为青藏高原东南缘岷江上游古环境重建和地貌演化提供参考。     

四川盆地东部茅口组白云岩成因: 来自岩石学、矿物学和地球化学的证据*

四川盆地中二叠统茅口组白云岩中蕴藏丰富的天然气资源,但是这套白云岩的成因多年来一直存在争议。盆地东部茅口组白云岩储集层多发育在茅三段中下部,纵向上厚度介于3.0~46.8 m之间,平面上沿北西—南东向基底断裂呈带状展布。野外和钻井岩心观察发现,白云岩内发育交织状张性裂缝,将岩石切割呈角砾状,裂缝多被粗晶方解石、白云石充填或半充填。根据围岩和裂缝中白云石晶体形貌和产出状态,在显微镜下识别出4类不同组构的白云石: 第1类为灰泥基质中“星散状”自形粉晶—细晶白云石; 第2类为半自形面状组构细晶白云石,呈他形—半自形镶嵌状; 第3类为具“雾心亮边”的自形晶面状组构细晶—粗晶白云石,具糖粒状结构,晶间孔隙发育; 第4类为脉体充填的粗晶鞍状双晶白云石。背散射照片显示前3类白云石的“雾心”部分晶面混浊、表面分布方解石残斑及微孔, 而第3类白云石的“亮边”部分与第4类鞍状粗晶白云石脉则晶体明亮、洁净、致密,属新生矿物。上述4类白云石的成分均具有富Ca和贫Fe、Mn、Sr的特点,MgO含量变化较大,其中前两类白云石MgO含量总体低于白云石标准计量,而后两类白云石的MgO含量则接近或略高于标准计量。岩石学、矿物学和地球化学特征表明:茅口组白云岩主要经历了2期白云化作用,初次白云化作用形成第1类、第2类白云石及“雾心”白云石,二次白云化作用形成“亮边”白云石和粗晶白云石脉体; 2期白云化作用均发生得很早,可能始于同沉积期至浅埋藏期。白云石原位微量元素和原位锶同位素分析表明,白云化作用流体具有混源的特点,流体可能由富Ca地下水以及与火山活动有关的热液混合而成。推测中二叠世末期峨眉山地幔柱的喷发引起四川盆地内基底断裂再次活动,造成茅口组内张性构造裂缝发育,这为白云化流体混合及运移提供了通道。     

低可容空间浅水三角洲沉积层序及聚煤模式:以渤海湾地区下二叠统山西组为例*

为研究低可容空间浅水三角洲体系沉积层序及聚煤模式,以渤海湾地区下二叠统山西组为主要研究对象,开展层序地层研究,在层序地层格架内揭示低可容空间浅水三角洲体系聚煤模式。根据沉积相转换面以及下切谷冲刷面两类不整合面(SU)可将山西组划分为3个三级层序Sq1、Sq2及Sq3,每个三级层序代表 1期三角洲。通过最大洪泛面(MFS)与最大水退面(MRS)将每个三级层序划分为LST、TST及HST 3个体系域,代表 9个四级层序。根据岩性参数等值线绘制一系列特定于层序的沉积相图,在可容空间增长速率及泥炭堆积速率的控制下,三角洲平原泛滥平原及三角洲前缘泥炭沼泽为聚煤中心,位于冀中坳陷东部、黄骅坳陷中北部以及济阳坳陷部分地区。泛滥平原中形成的煤层厚度大,且聚煤中心具有随三角洲推进逐渐南移的趋势,三角洲前缘聚煤环境相对较差,形成的煤层厚度较薄,且易被分流河道砂体冲刷。渤海湾地区下二叠统浅水三角洲层序地层学及沉积学分析为聚煤模式提供了基础,该模式包括LST、TST早期、TST中期、TST晚期以及HST 5个时期的演化。煤层主要聚集在Sq1与Sq2的TST以及HST时期。这些成果对渤海湾地区煤炭资源勘探及提高钻探工程地质效果具有现实意义。     

柴达木盆地西部扎哈泉地区新近系上干柴沟组滩坝砂体沉积演化及其控制因素*

滩坝砂体是岩性油气藏勘探的重要储集体,已经成为中国陆相湖盆增储上产的重要现实领域。为了深入评价柴达木盆地西部扎哈泉地区新近系中新统上干柴沟组滨浅湖滩坝砂体的油气勘探前景以及预测有利勘探区带和勘探目标,文中在岩心观察和钻(测)井资料综合分析的基础上,结合岩石薄片、累计粒度概率曲线、暗色泥岩泥地比和砂地比敏感参数分析结果,对该地区上干柴沟组滨浅湖滩坝砂体发育演化特征和古地貌演化特征进行了详细研究。结果表明: (1)扎哈泉地区上干柴沟组沉积时期发育辫状三角洲—滨浅湖沉积体系,滩坝砂体发育,岩性主要为岩屑长石细砂岩—极细砂岩,成分成熟度中等—较差、分选磨圆度中等—好,粒度概率曲线以反映波浪作用的两段跳跃式加悬浮式为主;沉积构造类型多样,主要发育浪成沙纹交错层理、波状层理、丘状交错层理和透镜状层理。(2)上干柴沟组沉积时期,研究区滩坝砂体发育规模先增大后减小;早期到中期,滩坝砂体发育规模不断增大,其中近岸坝主要表现为向南和向东2个方向扩张,呈北偏西方向展布,远岸坝主要表现为南北方向扩张,呈近北西—南东方向展布;中期到晚期,滩坝砂体的发育规模不断减小,其中近岸坝主要表现为向南北2个方向收缩并向东扩展,展布方向变为东偏南转东北方向,远岸坝主要表现为南北方向收缩。(3)上干柴沟组沉积时期,研究区古地貌呈西高东低、南北低中间高的特征;从早期到中期,研究区中部古地貌高点不断向东和东南方向大幅度扩展,范围不断扩大;中期到晚期,古地貌高点范围不断向北和北西2个方向收缩,范围缩小;同时,研究区东南角古地貌高点范围不断向北扩大。综合上述分析结果,认为柴达木盆地扎哈泉地区上干柴沟组滩坝砂体发育演化受控于物源规模大小和微古地貌的发育演化,其中微古地貌发育演化是滩坝砂体发育演化的主要控制因素。研究成果可为相似的地质背景下滩坝砂体成因的岩性圈闭预测提供参考。     

四川盆地仪陇-平昌地区二叠系长兴组地震沉积学研究

为明确四川盆地仪陇-平昌地区长兴组地震相及沉积特征,运用地震岩性学和地震地貌学的综合分析技术,开展井-震结合及礁体三维识别研究,以阐明长兴组生物礁滩储集体的展布特征。研究结果表明,仪陇-平昌地区长兴组主要为四个沉积区带,开阔台地相对应平行-亚平行席状中弱断续地震相、台地边缘相对应平行-亚平行丘状或透镜状中弱地震相、台地前缘斜坡相对应前积席状弱地震相,海盆相对应平行-亚平行席状中强地震相,可细分为台缘礁、台内礁和台内滩亚相;30 Hz振幅调谐体切片揭示海盆岸线为北西向展布,25 Hz调谐体切片对于海盆线西侧的台缘带礁体和台内礁滩体反应明显;生物礁滩体的平面展布特征、发育规模受控于长兴组沉积期西南高、东北低的古地貌形态,台缘礁生长发育的有利区域为台地相带两排北西向凸起带。