Early Holocene dune activity linked with final destruction of Glacial Lake Minong, eastern Upper Michigan, USA

The early Holocene final drainage of glacial Lake Minong is documented by 21 OSL ages on quartz sand from parabolic dunes and littoral terraces and one radiocarbon age from a lake sediment core adjacent to mapped paleoshorelines in interior eastern Upper Michigan. We employ a simple model wherein lake-level decline exposes unvegetated littoral sediment to deflation, resulting in dune building. Dunes formed subsequent to lake-level decline prior to stabilization by vegetation and provide minimum ages for lake-level decline. Optical ages range from 10.3 to 7.7 ka; 15 ages on dunes adjacent to the lowest Lake Minong shoreline suggest final water-level decline ∼ 9.1 ka. The clustering of optical ages from vertically separated dunes on both sides of the Nadoway-Gros Cap Barrier around 8.8 ka and a basal radiocarbon date behind the barrier (8120 ± 40 ¹⁴C yr BP [9.1 cal ka BP]) support the hypothesis that the barrier was breached and the final lake-level drop to the Houghton Low occurred coincident with (1) high meltwater flux into the Superior basin and (2) an abrupt, negative shift in oxygen isotope values in Lake Huron.     

Postglacial floodplain development and Mesolithic-Neolithic occupation in the Russian forest zone

River valleys have always been attractive places for human occupation. The history of Mesolithic and Neolithic floodplain occupation is linked with archives of fluvial evolution, in particular the intricate relationships between palaeo-hydrological regimes, ecological development and sedimentary environments. This paper describes floodplain evolution in the Russian forest lowland around Moscow since the last deglaciation. Although there is an obvious climatic driving force for the initial fluvial incision at the end of the last glacial, there are many arguments pointing to complex intrinsic evolution involving successive pedogenesis, floodplain accumulation, flooding and fluvial incision from the beginning of the Holocene towards recent times. Increasing wetness during the early and middle Holocene forced people to move from the lowest parts of the valley towards its edges until ultimately, during the most severe flooding episode (at around 2600 years BP), they had to abandon the valley altogether.     

Murchison's first sighting of the Permian, at Vyazniki in 1841

Roderick Impey Murchison named the Permian Period in 1841 based on his work on Lower Permian marine sediments around the city of Perm’, on the west flank of the Ural Mountains. However, he had observed post-Carboniferous red beds earlier, around the town of Vyazniki, west of Moscow, lying above the classic Carboniferous limestones of the Moscow Basin. Murchison's notebooks and papers show that he and colleagues equivocated about the exact age of these red beds, whether latest Permian or early Triassic, but he always favoured the former view. So, his initial observation of the Vyazniki redbeds provided a marker for the top of the Permian and base of the Triassic in the European Russian platform.     

滇西南孟连新建二叠系火居组沉积相与时代

孟连地区位于三江褶皱系西南部分,晚古生代冈瓦纳与扬子板块碰撞缝合带。该带发育一套由超基性-中基性熔岩、火山碎屑岩和砂岩、泥岩与硅质岩组成的岩石组合。首次在硅质岩中发现早二叠世放射虫,新建火居组,属次深海相环境。讨论其时代及沉积环境。     

青藏高原昌都盆地上三叠统流体活动特征

对昌都盆地上三叠统采集的25块流体包裹体样品进行了显微观察和显微测温、测盐等系统分析。显微观察结果证实了研究区古油藏的存在,同时指示晚三叠世早期存在活跃的油气运聚过程,晚期受热改造破坏而残留大量沥青。显微测温结果表明上三叠统发生过至少6幕流体充注,第1～4幕含烃流体活动明显。结合埋藏史分析可知,可能存在两期流体活动,分别发生在188.6～181.8Ma(早侏罗世中期)和174.0～157.1Ma(中侏罗世早期到晚侏罗世中期),其中第2期流体活动特征表现为连续充注的过程。     

扬子地区典型剖面二叠系不同沉积相地球化学特征

对扬子地区2个典型剖面即四川广元上寺剖面和贵州罗甸纳水剖面二叠系系统采样,在沉积相研究的基础上,对华南二叠系碳酸盐岩地层不同沉积相地球化学特征进行了分析。研究表明:Co、Ba、V、Rb等具有指相意义的元素,在越靠近深水环境,Co、Ba、V、Rb平均丰度越高,而w(Sr)/w(Ba)值从开阔台地相到盆地相整体有降低趋势。贵州罗甸纳水剖面为斜坡沉积背景的典型剖面,从台地前斜坡相→陆棚相→斜坡相→盆地相,w(ΣREE)值逐渐增大,且各相带稀土元素配分模式存在明显的Ce异常。四川广元上寺剖面二叠系浅海陆棚相下部和盆地相地层中平均残余有机碳丰度大于1.5%,说明这2个沉积相带可能为该地区优质烃源岩发育相带,该剖面二叠系显示从开阔台地相到盆地相具有有机质逐渐富集的特点。     

Formation Mechanism of Maceral and Mineral Compositions of the“Barkinite”Liptobiolith from the Jinshan Mine,Anhui Province,China

<正>In order to study the accumulation mechanism of"barkinite",eight Late Permian channel benches(approximately 15-cm across and 10-cm deep) were taken from the Jinshan Mine,Anhui Province,China.The samples were analyzed by microscopical and geochemical methods.The microscopical observations indicate that the occurrence modes of"barkinite"in this area are different from those in other areas of China.The ratios of structureless"barkinite"are much higher in the Jinshan Mine,probably due to the flow-water and marine influenced environments.Furthermore, vitrinite macerals also show a strong fluorescence.The vitrinite fluorescence characteristics have not been observed in the Permian"barkinite"coals from northern China.The composition and variation of minerals in the column section also showed that the swamps in the study area were seriously influenced by seawater in the early and late stage during the peat accumulation.     

安徽巢湖平顶山剖面上二叠统大隆组有机质富集的地球生物学模式

安徽巢湖平顶山地区上二叠统大隆组主要为硅质泥岩和泥岩互层沉积。通过对该剖面微体古生物化石丰度的统计分析发现,其演化可划分出4个阶段:Ⅰ(繁盛阶段)→Ⅱ(衰亡阶段)→Ⅲ(恢复阶段)→Ⅳ(大衰亡阶段)。利用微量元素Cu、Ni和Zn估算了巢湖平顶山剖面古生产力,其平均值为1.48gC/m2d,与北美二叠系黑色页岩的古生产力平均值(1.40gC/m2d)和现代海洋大陆架的初级生产力(如委内瑞拉大陆架为1.50gC/m2d)较为一致。大隆组中有机碳质量分数为0.26%～5.49%,有机质富集程度和古生产力大小与岩性关系密切:泥岩和粉砂质泥岩里有机质最为富集且古生产力较高;而在硅质泥岩中,两者含量相对较低。分析了有机质富集过程(从生物物质到沉积有机质,再到埋藏有机质)中各环节的主要影响因素,表明海洋古生产力是有机质富集的主导因素和前提条件,直接影响沉积物中的有机质含量,而海洋表层初级生产力的大小受上升流、营养盐和海水深度等环境因素综合影响;在埋藏有机质阶段,其主控因素为沉积环境中的氧含量和沉积速率等。综合研究表明,本剖面中有机质富集为生产力模式,即:岩石中有机质的富集受古生产力的影响最大,其次为沉积环境中的氧含量。其中,古生产力由生产者贡献,但是受消费者的丰度影响较大。     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗及邻区石炭系-二叠系烃源岩干酪根C同位素的特征和影响因素

许多研究者认为,烃源岩干酪根C同位素组成主要受干酪根类型的影响,可以作为评价烃源岩类型、沉积环境和进行油气源对比的重要指标,并得到广泛应用.对额济纳旗及邻区典型剖面石炭系-二叠系烃源岩有机碳(TOC)的丰度、地球化学特征、热演化特征和干酪根C同位素分布的研究表明.研究区石炭系-二叠系烃源岩为浅海陆棚相沉积环境形成的泥质岩,TOC含量中等,以Ⅱ类干酪根为主,烃源岩演化进入成熟-过成熟阶段,干酪根C同位素县有显著偏重的特点.并且干酪根C同位素组成明显与热演化程度和有机碳丰度有关,随着烃源岩演化程度的不断提高,重碳同位素不断富集,在成熟-过成熟阶段,对C同位素的影响可达4‰～6‰随着TOC含量的增加,干酪根C同位素显著偏轻,影响值可达4‰以上.由于研究区烃源岩已进入成熟-过成熟阶段,干酪根C同位素的分布在演化过程中已经发生较大变化,干酪根类型的影响相对降低或已不显著,不能再作为评价烃源岩干酪根类型的指标.     

A structural model from local earthquake tomography: Application to present-day tectonics of the Upper Rhine Graben

We present a novel numerical approach to construct quantitative tectonic models from crustal velocity distributions derived from local earthquake tomography. Independent constraints on the location and orientation of structures are obtained from earthquake hypocenters and seismic reflection profiles. An application of this method is given for the southern end of the Upper Rhine Graben (northwestern Europe). Kinematic boundary conditions are imposed on the structural model to investigate the large scale intraplate deformation in the region. A 3-D finite element code is used to calculate the displacements, the distribution of stresses, and the potential for brittle failure in the Graben. The modeling takes into account the intersection and curvature of crustal faults. The results demonstrate the dependence of fault interaction in the system on kinematic conditions, as well as the influence of minor faults on the kinematics of major basin bounding master faults. We show that although most of the deformation in the region is taken up by the eastern boundary faults of the Rhine Graben, all faults in the system have the potential to be (re)activated. In particular, a fault system underlying the front of the Jura fold and thrust belt appears to accommodate a large part of the intraplate deformation.