A framework for automatic modeling of underground excavations and optimizing three‐dimensional boundary and finite element meshes derived from them—framework

Many problems in mining and civil engineering require using numerical stress analysis methods to repeatedly solve large models. Widespread acceptance of tunneling methods, such as New Austrian Tunneling Method, which depend heavily on numerical stress analysis tools and the fact that the effects of excavation at the face of a tunnel are distinctively three–dimensional (3D), necessitates the use of 3D numerical analysis for these problems. Stress analysis of a practical mining problem can be very lengthy, and the processing time can be measured in days or weeks at times. A framework is developed to facilitate efficient modeling of underground excavations and to create an optimal 3D mesh by reducing the number of surface and volume elements while keeping the result of stress analysis accurate enough at the region of interest, where a solution is sought. Fewer surface and volume elements mean fewer degrees of freedom in the numerical model, which directly translates into savings in computational time and resources. The mesh refinement algorithm is driven by a set of criteria that are functions of distance and visibility of points from the region of interest, and the framework can be easily extended by adding new types of criteria. This paper defines the framework, whereas a second companion paper will investigate its efficiency, accuracy and application to a number of practical mining problems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multi-view dense matching supported by triangular meshes

We present a new procedure to compute dense 3D point clouds from a sequential set of images. This procedure is considered as a second step of a three-step algorithm for 3D reconstruction from image sequences, whose first step consists of image orientation and the last step is shape reconstruction. We assume that the camera matrices as well as a sparse set of 3D points are available and we strive for obtaining a dense and reliable 3D point cloud. Three novel ideas are presented: (1) for sparse tracking and triangulation, the search space for correspondences is reduced to a line segment by means of known camera matrices and disparity ranges are provided by triangular meshes from the already available points; (2) triangular meshes from extended sets of points are used for dense matching, because these meshes help to reconstruct points in weakly textured areas and present a natural way to obtain subpixel accuracy; (3) two non-local optimization methods, namely, 1D dynamic programming along horizontal lines and semi-global optimization were employed for refinement of local results obtained from an arbitrary number of images. All methods were extensively tested on a benchmark data set and an infrared video sequence. Both visual and quantitative results demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm.     

基于边扩张算法和熵编码的3D网格模型的拓扑信息压缩

本文总结了三类不经三角剖分直接编码多边形网格模型拓扑信息的单分辨率压缩法,对其中基于边区域扩张的Face Fixer算法进行了研究,并分别应用同阶自适应区间编码法和算术编码法对三角形网格模型和多边形网格模型进行了压缩.实验结果表明:随着模型数据量的增大,区间编码的压缩率和压缩速度反而高于算术编码,因而对于大数据量的网格...     

A robust well-balanced finite volume model for shallow water flows with wetting and drying over irregular terrain

An unstructured Godunov-type finite volume model is developed for the numerical simulation of geometrically challenging two-dimensional shallow water flows with wetting and drying over convoluted topography. In the framework of sloping bottom model, a modified formulation of shallow water equations is used to preserve mass conservation during flooding and recession. The key ingredient of the model is the use of this combination of the sloping bottom model and the modified shallow water equations to provide a robust technique for wet/dry fronts tracking and, together with centered discretization of the bed slope source term, to exactly preserve the static flow on irregular topographies. The variable reconstruction technique ensures nonnegative reconstructed water depth and reasonable reconstructed velocity, and the friction terms are solved by semi-implicit scheme that does not invert the direction of velocity components. The robustness and accuracy of the proposed model are assessed by comparing numerical and reference results of extensive test cases. Moreover, the results of a dam-break flooding over real topography are presented to show the capability of the model on field-scale application.     

Building a three dimensional sealed geological model to use in numerical stress analysis software: A case study for a dam site

The dam area of the SUOXI hydropower project shows high terrain undulation and complex geological conditions, containing 6 faults and 7 weak inter-beds. A geometric model developed to represent the geology and engineering structures should incorporate the geological realities and should allow suitable mesh generation to perform numerical stress analysis. This is an important precondition to perform rock mass stability analysis of a dam foundation based on a numerical stress analysis software such as FLAC^3D. Using the modeling tools available in FLAC^3D, it is difficult to construct a complex geological model even after performing a large amount of plotting and data analyses. The 3-D geological modeling technique suggested in this paper, named as Sealed Geological Modeling (SGM), is a powerful tool for constructing complex geological models for rock engineering projects that require numerical stress analysis. Applying this technique, first, the geological interfaces are constructed for the dam area of SUOXI hydropower project using various interpolation procedures including geostatistical techniques. Then a unitary wire frame is constructed and the interfaces are connected seamlessly. As the next step, a block tracing technique is used to build a geological model that consists of 130 seamlessly connected blocks. Finally, based on the Advancing Front Technique (AFT), each block is discretized into tetrahedrons and a mesh is generated including 57,661 nodes and 215,471 tetrahedrons which is suitable to perform numerical stress analysis using FLAC^3D.     

A numerical study on local characteristics of predetermined irregular wave trains

In actual sea states, damage to offshore floating structures is usually caused by a few extreme waves or wave groups in an irregular wave train. Accurate simulation of the irregular wave trains can lay a solid foundation for understanding the local flow field and impact loads that would potentially cause such damage. This paper describes how the generation of a single extreme wave was investigated. Determination of the wave-maker motion for generating specified irregular wave trains is the key to this work. First, an experimental irregular wave train was decomposed into a certain number of small-amplitude waves. Fourier series expansion was performed to determine the amplitude and the initial phase angle of each wave component. Then a hydrodynamic transfer function was used to calculate the amplitude of the wave-maker motion associated with each wave component. Superposition was made on all the wave components to get the final wave-maker motion. During the numerical simulation, calculated horizontal velocity profiles of the extreme wave at different moments were analyzed and compared with experimental results, and a satisfactory agreement was obtained. In the simulation, VOF method was employed to capture the free surface, and a dissipation zone was used to deal with wave reflection.     

有序标记与气象等值线的自动填充和隐藏

气象要素等值线分析是气象业务与服务不可或缺的手段,依据等值线自动填充的色斑图广泛应用于各类气象要素场的空间分析。等值线自动填充最关键的环节是确定区域属性值和排序,不可避免地要进行格点与区域、区域与区域之间的包含关系判别,通常需要反复遍历格点数组和创建临时区域,占用内存较多,影响运行效率。文中基于有序标记,巧妙地运用位置关系替代传统的包含关系判别,显著降低了区域属性值确定与排序的难度和复杂度。对于离散的气象要素场,密集的等值线不仅没有实际意义,而且影响空间分布的直观效果,文中基于同一网格边上等值点的有序标记,提出一种自动隐藏部分密集等值线的方法,有效改善了离散场空间分布特征的直观效果。     

多种细网格模式对湖南水库流域面雨量的预报检验

选取2016年5—12月欧洲ECMWF、日本JMA、T639、德国GERMAN、湖南本地细网格HNGRIB的高分辨率降水预报产品,从预报时效、流域区域、面雨量量级、影响系统和预报偏差五个方面,检验分析了各模式对湖南水库流域面雨量的预报效果。结果表明:各细网格模式对流域面雨量的预报能力随预报时效的增加而下降,但ECMWF和JMA的预报效果相对较好且稳定,T639最差;各模式在非汛期10—12月的流域面雨量预报效果要优于汛期5—9月;随着面雨量量级增大,各模式的预报能力均下降,特别是对30mm以上的面雨量预报能力非常低;各模式对高空槽降水的预报能力最好,对西南低涡降水的预报能力最差;ECMWF、JMA、HNGRIB在各个时效上存在面雨量预报偏小的情况,而GERMAN、T639随着时效的增加,面雨量预报偏大的情况增多。     

Neotectonics and slope stabilization at the Alhambra, Granada, Spain

Over 600 years, the Alhambra Palace of Granada, Spain, (a World Heritage site) has been damaged by earthquakes and slope instability. The western part of San Pedro Cliff, on the northern slope of the palace is a compound fault scarp — fault-line scarp, modified by river erosion and latterly by successive slab falls. The plane of the fault with the largest throw (c. 7 m) outcrops in the innermost part of the escarpment, and is a normal fault with a NW–SE strike and steep SE dip. It is part of a set outcropping along the Alhambra hill. Fault activity may be very recent, perhaps related to historical earthquakes. Seismic risk at the Alhambra is considered to be moderate: there is earthquake damage of the Arab walls and barrier. The most significant historical damage occurred in 1431 and partially collapsed the Arab barrier. Extension associated with the faults loosens the ground and contributes to slab falls. The faults are also preferential water paths. Both the many cracks of the walls and collapses of the Alhambra barrier appear concentrated and aligned with the fault set.Stability analyses suggest that the factor of safety of the San Pedro slope under 1000-yr-return-period earthquake loading may drop below 1.0 and the critical slip surface could penetrate the Alhambra walls. To raise the safety factor above 1.0 and to counteract extensional stress in the cliff, an apparently environmentally acceptable solution with minimal visual impact is proposed. It consists of high-yield-stress wire mesh, post-tensioned by anchors, and coloured to blend with the cliff.     

武警湖北省总队团职楼深基坑设计与施工

针对武警湖北省总队团职楼深基坑极为复杂的地质条件和周边环境,采用桩锚、锚喷网、放坡挂网喷砼和双排粉喷桩的联合支护方案,保证了基坑施工和周边建筑物及地下管线的安全,降低了工程成本,缩短了工期,取得了很好的经济效益和社会效益。