Unstructured mesh generation and landcover-based resistance for hydrodynamic modeling of urban flooding

Urban flood inundation modeling with a hydrodynamic flow solver is addressed in this paper, focusing on strategies to effectively integrate geospatial data for unstructured mesh generation, building representation and flow resistance parameterization. Data considered include Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) terrain height surveys, aerial imagery and vector datasets such as building footprint polygons. First, a unstructured mesh-generation technique we term the building-hole method (BH) is developed whereby building footprint data define interior domain boundaries or mesh holes. A wall boundary condition depicts the impact of buildings on flood hydrodynamics. BH provides an alternative to the more commonly used method of raising terrain heights where buildings coincide with the mesh. We term this the building-block method (BB). Application of BH and BB to a flooding site in Glasgow, Scotland identifies a number of tradeoffs to consider at resolutions ranging from 1 to 5 m. At fine resolution, BH is shown to be similarly accurate but execute faster than BB. And at coarse resolution, BH is shown to preserve the geometry of buildings and maintain better accuracy than BB, but requires a longer run time. Meshes that ignore buildings completely (no-building method or NB) also support surprisingly good flood inundation predictions at coarse resolution compared to BH and BB. NB also supports faster execution times than BH at coarse resolution because the latter uses localized refinements that mandate a greater number of computational cells. However, with mesh refinement, NB converges to a different (and presumably less-accurate) solution compared to BH and BB. Using the same test conditions, Hunter et al. [Hunter NM, Bates PD, Neelz S, Pender G, Villanueva I, Wright NG, Liang D, et al. Benchmarking 2D hydraulic models for urban flood simulations. ICE J Water Manage 2008;161(1):13–30] compared the performance of dynamic-wave and diffusive-wave models and reported that diffusive-wave models under-predicted the longitudinal penetration of the flood zone due to important inertial effects. Here, we find that a relatively coarse-mesh implementation of a dynamic-wave model suffers from the same drawback because of numerical diffusion. This shows that whether diffusion is achieved through the mathematics or numerics, the effect on flood extent is similar. Finally, several methods of distributing resistance parameters (e.g., Manning n) across the Glasgow site were evaluated including methods that utilize aerial imagery-based landcover classification data, MasterMap^® landcover classification data and LiDAR-based feature height data (e.g., height of shrubs or hedges). Results show that landcover data is more important than feature height data in this urban site, that shadows in aerial imagery can cause errors in landcover classification which degrade flood predictions, and that aerial imagery offers a more detailed mapping of trees and bushes than MasterMap^® which can locally impact depth predictions but has little impact on flood extent.     

边坡稳定分析的自适应性局部网格加密解法

常规的有限元强度折减法在确定边坡塑性区时,不能直观地反映出塑性区的形状和滑裂面位置,计算结果精度低。在塑性区范围内进行网格局部加密,不仅使安全系数的计算精度大幅度提高,而且可求出滑裂面的形状和位置。针对求解塑性区搜索滑裂面这一具体问题,提出塑性应变界限值网格加密准则,采用自适应性网格局部加密技术求解边坡的滑裂面和稳定安全系数。数值计算结果表明,所提出的加密准则能正确地确定滑裂面的形状和位置,计算所得稳定安全系数和理论稳定安全系数仅相差0.2 %。     

西藏满拉水利枢纽泄洪洞进口高边坡稳定分析及处理

西藏满拉水利枢纽泄洪洞进口边坡高度６０～１００ｍ,地质条件较复杂,断层及顺坡向节理均较发育,岩体完整性较差,在边坡加固处理中要用挡墙、喷锚、挂网喷锚、锚索等。从而达到了稳定边坡的目的。     

自适应网格加密求解洞室围岩塑性区

在弹塑性交界面上存在应力跳跃。 将应力跳跃值作为加密网格的准则, 不仅可使应力计算精度大幅度提高, 而且可求出塑性区的形状。 针对塑性区求解这一具体问题, 提出了一种修正的网格加密准则。 通过改变影响围岩塑性区的几个主要影响因素, 进行了大量的数值计算, 结果表明所提出的修正加密准则能正确地求出围岩塑性区的形状和大小。     

起伏地表频域/时域航空电磁系统三维正演模拟研究

由于航空电磁系统具有工作频率低、时间延迟短等特点,地形对航空电磁响应有很大影响,忽略地形影响会给航空电磁数据解释造成很大误差.本文将基于非结构化网格的矢量有限元法应用于模拟起伏地表条件下频域/时域(FD/TD)三维航空电磁系统响应.该方法由于采用非结构网格,与传统的结构化网格电磁正演算法相比,能更好地拟合地形和地下不规则异常体,提高对不规则地形和地下介质航空电磁响应的计算精度.通过将计算结果与半空间模型的半解析解及已发表的结果进行对比,检验了本文算法的精度.通过对典型山峰和山谷地形航空电磁响应分析对比,总结了地形对航空电磁响应的影响特征.研究结果对航空电磁地形效应的识别和校正具有指导意义.     

基于非结构网格的电阻率三维带地形反演

地表起伏地形在野外矿产资源勘察中不可避免,其对直流电阻率法勘探影响巨大.近年来,电阻率三维正演取得诸多进展,特别是应用非结构网格我们能够进行任意复杂地形和几何模型的电阻率三维数值模拟,但面向实际应用的起伏地形下电阻率三维反演依然困难.本文基于非结构化四面体网格,并考虑到应用GPS/GNSS时,区域地球物理调查中可非规则布设测网的实际特点,实现了任意地形(平坦或起伏)条件下、任意布设的偶极-偶极视电阻率数据的不完全Gauss-Newton三维反演.合成数据的反演结果表明了方法的有效性,可应用于复杂野外环境下的三维电法勘探.     

东中国海潮波自适应数值模型及其数值模拟

首次为整个东中国海设计出一种自适应网格 ,利用自适应网格能同时兼顾网格的光滑性、正交性及疏密程度的特点 ,得到了物理平面上的网格分布。该网格既与边界适应 ,又在水深变化急剧的东海陆坡处得以加密 ,从而使坐标变换下的三维模式成功实现了跨越陆坡的计算。用该模式模拟了海域的潮汐变化。依据所得结果绘制出 M2 分潮的同潮图和潮流椭圆。模拟结果与现有的数值研究结果基本一致 ,表明此模式在该海域的适用性     

Hydrodynamic modeling of Changjiang Estuary: Model skill assessment and large-scale structure impacts

An unstructured grid, Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) is used to study hydrodynamics and large-scale structure impacts in Changjiang Estuary. Field measurements conducted after the construction of the large-scale channel-jetty system are used to assess numerical results. The agreements between simulated and measured water levels, depth-averaged current velocities and tidally averaged longitudinal salinity distributions are excellent, as indicated by predictive skills higher than 0.94. The predictive skills for time series of salinity show a large range, from 0.97 to 0.62, in different measurement locations. The impacts of two 50 km long jetties and tens of spurs on the estuarine circulations as well as salinity distribution are investigated using comparisons of numerical results with and without jetty structures. Results reveal that the jetty structures intensify currents in the navigation channel and generate strong shear and vortices in jetty-spur blocks, which enhance turbulent mixing and degrade salinity stratification in the channel. The large-scale structures not only affect the flow field in the northern passage, but also play an important role in redistributing freshwater runoff in the multi-channel system, resulting in estuary-scale adjustments of circulations and salinity distribution.     

滨海电厂增温对浮游动物群落粒径结构及采样网目选择的影响

Zooplankton samples were collected using 505, 160 and 77 μm mesh nets around a power plant during four seasons in 2011. We measured total length of zooplankton and divided zooplankton into seven size classes in order to explore how zooplankton community size-structure might be altered by thermal discharge from power plant. The total length of zooplankton varied from 93.7 to 40 074.7 μm. The spatial distribution of mesozooplankton(200-2 000 μm) populations were rarely affected by thermal discharge, while macro-(2 000-10 000 μm)and megalo-zooplankton(10 000 μm) had an obvious tendency to migrate away from the outfall of power plant.Thus, zooplankton community tended to become smaller and biodiversity reduced close to power plant.Moreover, we compared the zooplankton communities in three different mesh size nets. Species richness,abundance, evenness index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index of the 505 μm mesh size were significantly lower than those recorded from the 160 and 77 μm mesh size. Average zooplankton abundance was highest in the 77 μm mesh net((27 690.0±1 633.7) ind./m~3), followed by 160 μm mesh net((9 531.1±1 079.5) ind./m~3), and lowest in 505 μm mesh net((494.4±104.7) ind./m~3). The ANOSIM and SIMPER tests confirmed that these differences were mainly due to small zooplankton and early developmental stages of zooplankton. It is the first time to use the 77 μm mesh net to sample zooplankton in such an environment. The 77 μm mesh net had the overwhelming abundance of the copepod genus Oithona, as an order of magnitude greater than recorded for 160 μm mesh net and 100% loss through the 505 μm mesh net. These results indicate that the use of a small or even multiple sampling net is necessary to accurately quantify entire zooplankton community around coastal power plant.     

波浪滑翔机推进装置翼片的启动阶段水动力学分析

波浪滑翔机直接利用波浪能实现大范围长距离的机动运动观测,在海洋环境观测中可以发挥重要的作用。本文对波浪滑翔机推进装置在启动阶段的翼片的水动力学行为进行了研究。以波浪滑翔机水下推进装置的翼片为研究对象,运用雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程(RANS),对给定垂荡和摆动运动的翼片水动力学进行了水动力分析和仿真,模拟了单个翼片、纵向阵列多翼片的运动状况,得到推进装置翼片附近的压力分布和整体推进动力,分析翼片间距变化在启动阶段对推进力的影响作用。通过该研究工作为深入理解波浪滑翔机推进装置工作状态提供了理论依据。